Ciałowicz, Krzysztof2023-05-152023-05-152016Scripta Biblica et Orientalia, 2015-2016, T. 7-8, s. 57-68.2081-8416http://theo-logos.pl/xmlui/handle/123456789/7259Zawiera fotografie.The importance of Tell el-Farkha is very clear from the beginning. A great Lower Egyptian culture complex was erected on the Central and Western Koms. Items found inside confirmed both the significant role played by the Lower Egyptian elite and their relationship with the Levant and Upper Egypt. The first large Naqadian building was erected at the Western Kom. This building and all the settlement was destroyed (Naqada IIIA1) by the next group of Naqadians, probably connected with another political centre. They were the constructors of the mastaba. The mastaba as a grave type and the idea of setting up the foundations for a posthumous cult originates from Delta. During the reign of Iry-Hor, the third group of Naqadians, appeared. The period between Naqada IIIA and middle of IIIB seems to be the time of competition between the most influential Naqadian protokingdoms. These rivalry was ended probably by Iry-Hor – the first king of the Lower and Upper Egypt.plAttribution 3.0 Polandhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/pl/Egiptkrólmonarchiaokresu predynastycznyhistoriastarożytnośćepoka wczesnodynastycznawykopaliskaarcheologiaodkrycia archeologicznebadania archeologiczneDolny EgiptGórny Egiptkulturakultura Dolnego Egiptukultura Naqadanekropoliacmentarzeosadnicyspołeczeństwoosadnictwo protodynastyczneosadnictwo wczesnodynastyczneEgyptkingmonarchyPredynastic periodhistoryantiquityEarly Dynastic periodexcavationsarchaeologyarcheologyarchaeological discoveriesarchaeological researchLower EgyptUpper EgyptcultureLower Egyptian cultureNaqada culturenecropoliscemeteriessettlerssocietyProtodynastic settlementEarly Dynastic settlementArticle