Kwiatkowski, Krzysztof2024-03-152024-03-152009Roczniki Teologii Moralnej, 2009, T. 1(56), s. 107-120.2081-1810http://theo-logos.pl/xmlui/handle/123456789/14308Summary translated by / Autor tłumaczenia streszczenia: Tadeusz Karłowicz.The penance practice of the Church changed during the ages. One of the invariable elements of the sacrament of penance and reconciliation is the service of the dispenser. Particular stages of the canon penance that was the form of celebration of this sacrament in the first centuries of the Church, i.e. entering the state of penitents, the period of penance and reconciliation, had a liturgical character and occurred with the participation of the whole community of the Church. The bishop (and later also the presbyter), who was at the head of the Christian community, made the decision about admitting to the state of penitents, led the penitential rites, heard the confession (if a confession was necessary), determined the way penance was to be performed, as well as its length. In each period of penance the gesture of laying on of hands took place. In that period we find the so-called dispenser’s functions defined as the classic ones: he is called the father, teacher, physician and judge. Priestly service in the penance process had an ecclesial character. Excluding someone from the community and admitting him to it anew was an important element of the penance process in that period. An analogy is seen between the catechumenate that prepared one for baptism and introduced him to the Church, and canon penance that was including a sinner into the community of salvation again, as he had been excluded from it because of sin.plAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Polandhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/pl/sakrament pokutyspowiednicysakramentypokutaspowiedźKościółKościół starożytnystarożytnośćhistoria Kościołahistoriaposługaposługa kapłańskaliturgia pokutnaszafarze sakramentówsacrament of penanceconfessorssacramentspenanceconfessionChurchancient ChurchantiquityChurch historyhistoryministryservicepriestly ministrypenitential liturgyministers of the sacramentsArticle