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A Great Sign Appeared in the Sky. Audience-Oriented Criticism of Revelation 12:1-6
Blajer, Piotr (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2022)
Revelation 12:1-6 recounts two signs that appear in heaven. The first sign is a woman and the second one is a dragon with seven heads, ten horns and seven diadems on its seven heads. The somewhat unusual description of the two signs has its grand finale in 12:4-6 which tells about the interaction between the woman and the dragon, as well as her child. The dragon, aware that its power must last for only ashort period, asymbolic ten days, tries to swallow the child to whom the woman is about to give birth. In this way, the dragon wants to thwart and frustrate God’s plan. The newborn child is caught up by God to his throne in heaven. The reference to the OT helps the audience to identify the newborn child as the Messiah who will shepherd all the nations. The presentation of the child’s mission to shepherd all the nations assures the audience that God’s plan will be realized. This vision assures the audience that God is almighty, and that he is the ‘hidden actor’ in the entire vision. The reader-oriented exegesis of the passage discloses how the audience respond to the author’s rhetorical arguments and presentation.
Jesus, the Apostle and High Priest of Our Confession. Audience-Oriented Criticism of Heb 3:1-6
Blajer, Piotr (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2021)
Hebrews 3:1-6 is one of the most intriguing passages of the letter. It catches the attention of who reads or hears the letter for several reasons: one of which is the way the author presents Jesus Christ. It establishes a comparison between Moses and Christ in order to demonstrate Christ’s superiority as the high priest and apostle. It is the only passage in the New Testament where Jesus is presented as an apostle. The reader-oriented research points out to the way the author addresses the audience of his letter and how he manages to catch their attention and present their present status. Those who accept Christ’s mission as the apostle are sanctified and can be considered the house of God governed by Christ.
Miłosierdzie jako istotny temat Ewangelii według świętego Łukasza
Blajer, Piotr (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II, 2020)
Ewangelia św. Łukasza jest jedyną w swoim rodzaju. Jako jedyna ewangelia posiada kontynuację w Dziejach Apostolskich. Każdy kto sięga po ewangelię Łukasza może w niej znaleźć coś dla siebie. Dla przykładu warto zwrócić uwagę, że prolog został napisany w klasycznym stylu greckim, a pierwsze dwa rozdziały, w których autor opowiada o dzieciństwie Jezusa, przypominają stylem i formą księgi Starego Testamentu. Ewangelia Łukasza jest szczególną nie tylko pod względem literackim, ale także tematycznym. Trzeci ewangelista w sposób charakterystyczny wskazuje, że Jezus przyszedł na świat, by zbawić wszystkich. Dokonuje tego ukazując nieskończone Boże miłosierdzie, które pochyla się nad każdym potrzebującym pomocy bez względu na jego status. W centrum tego orędzia znajdują się trzy przypowieści o miłosierdzi w rozdziale 15. Są one odpowiedzią Jezusa na krytykę faryzeuszy i uczonych w Piśmie, którzy złym okiem spoglądają na Jego pochylanie się nad tymi, którzy najbardziej potrzebują Bożego miłosierdzia.
Questi scese giustificato a differenza di quello. L’analisi narrativa illumina la parabola del fariseo e del pubblicano (Lc 18,9-14)
Blajer, Piotr (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2021)
The parable of the Pharisee and the tax collector (Luke 18:9-14) contains an enigmatic expression παρ’ ἐκεῖνον (v.14) which conveys the final judgment on the characters. It is not entirely clear whether it should be interpreted in a comparative or exclusive sense. The present study aims to examine the way the narrator presents the two characters of the parable, the Pharisee and the tax collector, as well as the content of their prayers. Narrative criticism suggests that although both interpretations (comparative and exclusive) are possible it might be better to construe παρ’ ἐκεῖνον with a distinctive value. In fact, the new condition of the tax collector is different from his previous one and clearly distinguishes him from the condition of the Pharisee. In other words, the application of the narrative method suggests to translate the enigmatic complement παρ’ ἐκεῖνον in such a way that it makes visible the difference existing between the two characters.
Δείξατέ μοι δηνάριον (Łk 20,24) – monety używane w Palestynie na kartach Ewangelii
Blajer, Piotr (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2023)
Numismatics is one of the auxiliary disciplines of archaeology and history. It analyses coins from a historical, artistic and economic point of view. Thus, it allows an appreciation of the past. Under stood in this way, numismatics can be equally helpful, both to biblical scholars and to anyone who reads the Bible. The names of various coins used in the time of Jesus often appear on the pages of the gospels. In many cases, those names remain incomprehensible today, to say the least. Some modern translations of the gospels renounce the literal translation of those terms and prefer to replace the unintelligible names of ancient monetary systems with phrases which are more comprehensible for the contemporary reader. In Polish historical, archaeological and biblical literature, it is quite difficult to come across an article or a study that would examine the various types of coins that appear on the pages of the gospels. The following study intends to fill that lacuna. It analyses the vocabulary used by the evangelist to present the coins used in Palestine in the time of Jesus. Thus, it contributes to explaining why each of the evangelists chose these particular terms at the expense of others. Ultimately, the study sheds some light on the Greek term νόμισμα (coin), which appears only once in the entire New Testament (Matt 24:19).