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Chrzest krwi jako heroiczny wyraz doskonałego świadectwa w nauczaniu Orygenesa
Duda, Jerzy (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2015)
Announcing God’s Word in connection with witnessing is the most basic of the Church’s tasks, stemming directly from its nature. In the first centuries of the Church, Christians often faced misunderstanding and persecution. This article presents quite an original conception of Origen (died ca. AD 253) concerning the issue of witnessing in its most radical form: martyrdom. Adamantios calls that the “baptism of blood”, treating it as the perfect form of advocating for Christ (imitatio Christi). Martyrdom is a projection of Christ’s paschal mystery. The baptism of blood cooperates with the passion sacrifice of the Savior in a great soteriologic process of redemption and purification of the world, leading all people to eschatological, glorious union with God in the glory of heaven. The heroic ideal of perfection outlined by Origen aimed not only at strengthening Christians during their testing and persecution, but also at reminding them of the basic task of apostolic mission: witnessing by all Christ’s believers.
„Mors est a vita discedere”. Teologiczna koncepcja śmierci w nauczaniu Orygenesa
Duda, Jerzy (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2013)
Origen from Alexandria (†253), one of the most eminent early Christian writers, is the pioneer of a very interesting theological conception of death. It is connected with his general soteriology doctrine. In the Christocentric theolog of Origen, not so much death but Life iself, the synony of the Savior, determines the principle of his interests, scientific research, and teaching. Death is a departure from Life. It separates us from God and connects with the reality destined to be doomed. The allegorical method us by the Alexandrian enabled him to identify the expression “death” with the Devil. Origen created the so-called doctrine of three kinds of death. First of them is the physical death. It is a consequence of the “paradise sin” and refers to all people. According to the classical definition, it is a separation of the soul from the body. The second one is the death by sin which leads to annihilation. The third one is the death for sin which means eternal happiness in heaven and coming back to the origins of life together with Christ. Origen hopes that at the end of times death wil be conquered as the „last enemy”, and all human beings, submitted to it until now, will be purified and will return to the original unity with the Lord.
Paideia w rodzinie chrześcijańskiej w nauczaniu Jana Chryzostoma
Duda, Jerzy (Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL, 2012)
The chapter aims at discovering and discussing the process of paideia in a Christian family, concentrating on the process of upbringing children and teenagers as suggested by the prominent archbishop of Constantinople John Chrysostom († 407). He himself did not create a consistent model of the upbringing system but devoted a great deal of interest to the area, applying the achievements of antique culture at the same time. Chrysostom understood paideia in a Christian family as one of the stages in the process of discovering the depth and beauty of faith and as a part of the process of making a human resemble the image of God as revealed in Jesus Christ. And it is the father of the family who is first of all responsible for that process, mainly concerning the intellectual, moral and religious spheres of the children. A family unit in this context is understood as a ‘home church’, where, thanks to the bonds of love, common responsibility and the way of life based on Gospel and fear of God, sanctification if its members takes place.