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    Historyczny rozwój instytucji parafii w Kościele
    Kowalski, Janusz (Instytut Teologiczno-Pastoralny im. św. bpa Józefa Sebastiana Pelczara w Rzeszowie, 2008)
    The entrance of Christianity to the countryside brought with itself important changes in the earlier structure of the church, based on how until then, in every county there was a leading bishop. In the countryside there had to be a correct organization and people had to help the church. Bishops in these parts of the country could not fully govern the way they were supposed to. With time, Presbyterians were called on to help. The final formal and legal shape of the parishes, mainly on the East was nominated by the Cesar Justynian the Great around the middle of the VI century. The negative effect was in the Germanic countries, especially in Franconia in the institutions of private parishes. By the end of the XII century, the process of building new parishes in Europe was completed. From the middle-ages parishes played major roles among the church and its’ followers as well as the individual countries up until the beginning of the XIX century. The Reformation weakened the position of parishes and priests until they were strengthened by the Council of Trent. Discussions on the beginnings of parishes in Poland were started by Professor Władysław Abraham. The XI century was the time that parishes began to form in Poland. Before the partitioning of Poland, there were around 4000 parishes and currently there are 9600. The second half of the XIX century and first half of the XX century was a time of rebirth of the position and role of parishes. The strong positions of parishes lasted up until the II Council of the Vatican. The effect of liberalization considering the role of parishes as the most important part of the church, based on the over interpretation of many resolutions of the II Council of the Vatican by liberal groups, decreased the role of parishes in the lives of the faithful. The rest was finished by the decline in the number of new priests.