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Augustianie w metropolii lwowskiej od końca XIV do połowy XIX wieku
Kratochwil, Zofia (Wydawnictwo Towarzystwa Naukowego Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, 1995)
The subject matter has been dealt with in two chapters. The first one contains a characteristics of 11 Augustinians convents in particular dioceses; the second one discusses in detail the life and role of the monastery in Lvov, the capital of the metropoly. In the Chełm diocese 4 convents were established, in the Włodzimierz-Łuck diocese three, in the Kijów diocese two, and in the Lvov archidiocese two. A couple of foundations did not stand the trial posed by difficult conditions and after several years collapsed. The founders of the first two monasteries were the reigning king Vladislav Jagiełło (in Krasnystaw) and prince Witold (Brześć). Then monasteries were founded by magnates and noblemen, but only after a 200-year break caused by the Reformation. The earliest two monasteries belonged to the religious province of Bavaria, and then to the Polish province established in 1547. The seat of Augustinians was villages of various size. There were among them four towns: Lvov, Krasnystaw, Brześć and Żydaczów; three smaller towns (oppida): Kodnia in the Kijów voivodship, Orchów and Załoźce in the Russian voivodship; Radziechów, Witków (the Bełżec voivodship), and Zaturce (the Wołyń voivodship) were villages, land estates. Four convents had their own parishes, and one managed and restored a parish destroyed by the war. Other monasteries ran pastoral care in their church, and helped local parish priests. Augustinians cultivated Marian religiousness, three churches bore the invocation NMP (Immaculate Mary the Virgin). They established Marian fraternities, especially of NMP consolation. In Krasnystaw they were cathedral preachers, professors of theology, chaplains at the manor of a voievode, in Lvov they took care about the monastery of Brygides. The religious life was regulated by: the rule, Constitutions and ordination of the chapter and visitation. Visitors handed them, among other things, councillor and synodal orders of the Church. A general moral decline of the Polish society infiltrated also monasteries; the visitors many a time condemned intemperance. The Lvov monastery was erected in 1641. According to the provincial chapter it was supposed to play the role of a novitiate monastery and conduct studies. These plans were being put into practice over a short time; reportedly, there were only a few novitiates and students. Therefore candidates were sent to the Warsaw monastery and were charged for studies. Over the period of the first 30 years the monastery was situated in the Halicz suburb, and then was given the church of the tailors’ guild in the Cracow suburb, and there was located its seat. The monastery, along with the town, lived through Cossacks (1648), Turkish invasions (1673) and was destroyed. Then it restored its walls and took up pastoral care anew. It organized many a time massive worships, propagated religiousness in the fraternity of NMP of consolation and of St Tekla. It had relations not only with the lay founders but also with church officials, and represented all convents of the eastern lands before the metropoly. After the partition first the monasteries from the Austrian sector were annulled: in Lvov, Żydaczów, Załoźce and Witków (1783-1787). In the ’30 of the 18th century the monasteries in Brześć, Zaturce, Kodnia and Radziechów were annulled. The final stage of convents annulment occurred after the Polish uprising (1864). Then the convent in Krasnystaw and Orchow- -Orchówek fell. Augustinians of the Lvov metropoly fulfilled a noble role of strengthening Polishness in the eastern territories and preserving the Latin order, despite the Orthodox and Uniate surrounding.
Augustianie w Warszawie. Kościół i klasztor Św. Marcina (1356 – 1864)
Kratochwil, Zofia (Wydawnictwo Archidiecezji Warszawskiej, 1995)
The religious order o f Augustinians was established in Italy in the 13th century as a result of union o f several eremitical congregations. The Augustinians quickly showed their dynamic development in Western Europe. By the 13th century friars from the Bavarian province were moving into Pomerania, Prussia and Silesia. One century later king Casimir the Great founded a church and a friary for the Augustinian order in Cracow and the Prince of Mazovie Ziemowit III did the same in Warsaw. The Augustinian church of St. Martin on Piwna street in Warsaw was the second church, after the collegiate church o f St John the Baptist, to be situated within the walls of the town. The Holy Spirit hospital for the poor was established near this church and was founded by the Duchess Anna of Mazovie, the wifef king Bolesław III. The Augustinians provided the church and hospital with spiritual support for some time. The church, originally built in Gothic style, was consumed by fire and was reconstructed in baroque style and later restored several times after being destroyed during several wars. Together with the growing political position of the town, particularly after incorporation of the Mazovie into the Crown (1526), the popularity of the Augustinians was growing. Proceedings of the General Mazowsze Diet were held in their church. A role of the Warsaw friary was also growing in the order’s province. The Polish province was established in 1547. In order to strengthen religious and monastic life inspections o f the friary had been undertaken, mostly by the provincial, and at times by the apostolic delegate (Mikołaj Crusenius) or the general visitator (Dominik Grabiński). A s new friaries were built, especially in the 17th century, the locations for the novitiate and house of study were chosen. Cracow and Warsaw were considered the largest cities in Poland, during this period. Cracow became the center for the novitiate and in Warsaw was founded the house of the study. The Augustinians focused their attention on culture and science. They were gathering degrees in science at foreign universities, employing the highest quality of craftsmen for construction. Much care was given to internal decorations. The organ was used to add splendor to celebrations. They also maintained a band o f musicians. Their benefactors were buried beneath the church floor and masses were celebrated for them. For the parishioners, there were established fraternal orders of St. Tekla and of Our Lady of Consolation. The amount of friars was never large during the 17th and 18th centuries. In Warsaw as well as in Cracow, convents were inhabited by 30-40 friars. After the Third Partition of Poland, Warsaw belonged to the Prussian Sector (1795) and then subsequently to the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and then to the Kingdom of Poland. The monastery was liquidated in 1864 together with monasteries of other religious orders – on the base of the Tsar’s ruling.