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Koncepcja człowieka w logoterapii
Marchwicki, Piotr (Wyższe Seminaria Duchowne Towarzystwa Salezjańskiego, 2002)
Every psychological school possesses more or less consciously assumed concrete anthropological conception of human nature which underlies its foundations. Although that conception is not always overtly proclaimed by the followers of a given school, however it is possible to recognize anthropological elements inherent in that school e.g. implicit assumptions or axioms concerning human nature. The so-called „free of assumptions” or fully independent and objective psychological approaches do not exist, seemingly as do not exist „free of assumptions” philosophical traditions they are connected to. The purpose of the present article is to delineate the conception of man in developed by V. E. Frankl logotherapy which constitutes ‒ beside A. Adler’s individual analysis and S. Freud’s psychoanalysis ‒ the third great Viennese psychotherapy school. Logotherapy is a psychological and psychotherapeutic approach that openly admits its connections to philosophy. Consequently, anthropological foundations of logotherapy are explicitly spread by its followers and interested in this issue scholars do not have to analyze ‒ how it is frequently necessary in case of other psychological approaches ‒ its sensu stricto psychological propositions to discover the tacit philosophical assumptions and axioms in its background. The first issue discussed in the present paper is the logotherapy’s polemic against reductionistic and deterministic conceptions of man which constitutes an expression of the logotherapeutic concern for taking into account in psychology and psychotherapy the complete and unfalsified picture of human nature. Then, anthropological assumptions underlied the foundations of logotherapy are presented. Those assumptions differ from criticized reductionist conceptions in that that they confer the key-place on the spiritual dimension that unites multidimensional human existence. Subsequently, the anchored in the spiritual dimension specifically human phenomena of freedom, responsibility, and striving for meaning in life and values are delineated. Finally, the place and meaning given by the logotherapy to the human need for religion and religiousness is outlined.
Mechanizmy obronne w ujęciu psychodynamicznym
Marchwicki, Piotr (Wyższe Seminaria Duchowne Towarzystwa Salezjańskiego, 2005)
In the last thirty years many empirical studies on defense mechanisms have been carried out which considerably increased our knowledge concerning this aspect of the psychic life. The purpose of the present paper is to outlined main directions of theoretical reflection and empirical research conducted in the psychodynamic psychiatry research tradition where psychoanalytical conception of defenses is assumed. Because of that there are not discussed here problems connected to cognitive or learning theory conceptions of defense processes. After explanation of the concept of defense mechanism the issues of number and classification of defenses and principal methods of measurement are discussed. Subsequently, the results of studies concerning development and connections to mental illnesses of defense mechanisms, and relation of defenses to such personal variables as sex, ethnical background and family climate in childhood are presented.
Nowe ruchy religijne
Marchwicki, Piotr (Wyższe Seminaria Duchowne Towarzystwa Salezjańskiego, 2000)
Osobowość wieloraka. Kryteria diagnostyczne i modele etiologiczne
Marchwicki, Piotr (Wyższe Seminaria Duchowne Towarzystwa Salezjańskiego, 2004)
Religijność z perspektywy teorii przywiązania
Marchwicki, Piotr (Wyższe Seminaria Duchowne Towarzystwa Salezjańskiego, 2003)
In the last years we have been witnessing an increasing interest in J. Bowlby’s attachment theory among psychologists. The attachment approach was applied in a great number of studies in such fields of psychology as personality, development, social psychology and psychopathology. At the beginning of 1990s the attachment theory approach was also introduced in the field of psychology of religion. The present paper is dedicated to this new research tradition which has been contributing to further increase of knowledge regarding psychological conditions of religiousness. Firstly, the main assumptions and development of attachment theory are presented. Then, the theoretical basis, which warrants the use of the attachment approach in psychology of religion, is outlined. Finally, the results of the more important studies on religiousness from the perspective of the attachment approach are discussed.
Rozwój mechanizmów obronnych u kandydatów do życia zakonnego
Marchwicki, Piotr (Wyższe Seminaria Duchowne Towarzystwa Salezjańskiego, 1999)
One of the most important constructs of the psychoanalysis is that of the defense mechanism. Although other aspects of psychoanalytic theory have been challenged, and sometimes greatly modified, the mechanisms have been widely accepted even in circles outside the psychoanalysis. Also their relevance to development, personality, adaptation, clinical assessment and psychotherapy has been recognized. In the last thirty years many empirical researches have been done on the mechanisms which considerably increased our knowledge concerning them . The present article discusses the results of a research on the developoment of the defense mechanisms among 223 canditates to the religious life, philosophy and theology students, members of the Salesian Congregation in Poland, aged 19-32.' On the basis of the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ) construed by M. Bond and his collaborators from the Departm ent of Psychiatry of the Sir Mortimer B. Davis - Jewish General Hospital in Montreal (Canada) a new questionnaire in Polish was elaborated for the measurement of the defense mechanisms. The questionnaire, called Kwestionariusz Mechanizmów Obronnych (KMO), possesses 13 scales that measure the defense mechanisms (immature ones: acting out, passive aggression, spliting, denial, projection; neurotic ones: omnipotence-devaluation, reaction formation, isolation-intellectualization; mature ones: affiliation, altruism, anticipation, humor, sublimation) and a scale of control. The KMO was administrated to the 223 subjects of the research. At the beginning of the research a hypothesis was formulated according to which the oldest subjects would use more frequently the mature mechanisms and, conversly, less frequently the immature and the neurotic mechanisms in respect to the youngest subjects. To verify the hipothesis on the results of the administration of the KMO to the subjects the variance analysis was made with the age as an indipendent variable, divided into three levels of age (19-22, 23-26, 27-32), and with the scales of defense mechanisms as dipendent variables. Subsequently levels of statistical significance between the means of groups of age were tested. The hypothesis was substantially confirmed: the significant differences between the means of groups of age were found for 6 defenses measured by the KMO. For spliting, reaction formation, isolation-intellectualization, affiliation and sublimation the differences were going in the direction provided by the hypothesis. For the altruism the direction was contrary, but this fact could be explained by the specific type of subjects chosen for the research. The changes in the use of defenses reflect, with great probalility, the maturation processes of the subjects and indicates that the formation to the religious life doesn’t hinder or damage the psychological maturation of the candidates, at least in the aspect of the defense mechanisms.
Teoria przywiązania J. Bowlby’ego
Marchwicki, Piotr (Wyższe Seminaria Duchowne Towarzystwa Salezjańskiego, 2006)
It is generally accepted that John Bowlby’s attachment theory is the first scientific attempt to apply the ethological model to explain problems regarding mental development of a human being, especially in the first years of his or her life. Actually, the origin of the attachment theory was inspired not only by studies on experiences of infants and children separated from their parents but also by results of ethological studies on animal instinct behaviors, especially of birds and mammals. In the present paper, firstly, the context which originated the attachment theory is outlined. Subsequently, main elements of that theory are presented, such as: phylogenesis and organization of functioning of the attachment system, continuity of attachment across the human life, internal working models of attachment, behavioral systems related to attachment, connection between disturbed development of attachment and mental disorders. Finally, functioning of attachment in human life from infancy to adolescence and adulthood are described.
Transcendentalna Medytacja. Zarys doktryny i praktyki oraz elementy krytyki
Marchwicki, Piotr (Wyższe Seminaria Duchowne Towarzystwa Salezjańskiego, 2001)
The new religious movements (NRM’s) represent a phenomenon, which the polish mass media, public opinion and church have been in the last few years increasingly concerned about. The problem of NRM’s took its place in agendas of some government institutions and the parliament itself. The mass media are the most important source of information about the NRM’s. Accordingly to their specific way of functioning, they pay attention to groups involved in pernicious activities for society or for physical and psychical integrity of their members, and not on the pacific activity of the most part of the NRM’s. So a general negative stereotype of a dangerous „cult” in the mind of people is formed and extended successively on all minority religious groups. The present paper is dedicated to one of the pacific majority of NRM’s ‒ Transcendental Meditation (TM). After a brief overview of the origin and world development of the TM, an outline of doctrine and praxis of the movement is presented: the view of the universe and anthropology, technique of transcendental meditation, results of empirical research proved the positive influence of meditating on organism psychophysiological state, preached by the TM prophetic visions of advantages the spread of the meditation can yield to the humankind, and the elements of the Hindu spirituality present in the TM praxis. On the basis of this exposition some problematic issues regarding the doctrine and praxis of the TM are critically discussed, such as the claim for religious neutrality of the movement and scientific character of its doctrine, the lack of rational basis of TM „prophesies”, the oversimplification of the Hindu spirituality perpetrated in the movement, and some problems regarding recruitment of new adherents and indoctrination.