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Obojętność religijna św. Edyty Stein
Raganiewicz, Magdalena (Papieski Wydział Teologiczny we Wrocławiu, 2009)
At the age of 14 Edith Stein stopped praying, rejected Judaism as her religion and declared herself as an atheist. Although she described her attitude as atheistic we attempted to prove that it can be better depicted as religious indifference. Unlike atheists she did not deny the existence of God; she simply stopped showing interest in God’s matters. However, having rejected God of Judaism, Edith Stein experienced a kind of emptiness in her life which needed to be filled. Before her dramatic decision it was religion that brought the spiritual significance into her life; it was God who explained the sense of human life: He was the truth and the foundation of the highest human value. Now, she had to discover other base and explanation of human existence. She had to find the answer to the question of the sense of human life and the sense of existence of all creatures. She needed to answer herself who she is, where she is heading to, what is the truth, the sense and the end of human life. At the beginning literature and art appeared to have answers to her questions. Then she tried to find the truth in knowledge, especially in philosophy. She undertook Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology which unexpectedly demonstrated her the phenomenon of God as an Absolute. Moreover, the philosophical problem of empathy opened her the world of people’s emotions in which God and faith was at the top of the hierarchy of values. Thanks to the problem of empathy Edith Stein could experience the feelings and emotions which were absent in her inner life. Both phenomenology and empathy brought her closer to God – they were the first steps on her road to conversion into Catholicism.
Proces kształtowania się chrześcijańskiej tożsamości św. Edyty Stein
Raganiewicz, Magdalena (Papieski Wydział Teologiczny we Wrocławiu, 2010)
Św. Edyta Stein odkrywa prawdę w Jezusie Chrystusie
Raganiewicz, Magdalena (Papieski Wydział Teologiczny we Wrocławiu, 2010)
Tożsamość żydowska św. Edyty Stein
Raganiewicz, Magdalena (Papieski Wydział Teologiczny we Wrocławiu, 2008)
The religious identity of Edith Stein is an interesting but quite a complex problem. Bom in a Jewish family, at the age of 14 she suddenly declares herself as an atheist. To explain her spiritual identity ans especially find the answer to an attention-grabbing question: who, in spiritual terms, was Edith Stein, we needed to examine each stage of her life and see how her spirituality changed throughout her lifetime. We tried to establish whether Edith Stein could be recognised as a lawful Jew. We examined the criteria which must be fulfilled to be a legal Jew. We discovered that the first and the most important factor is the biological origin. It turned out that it is enough to have a Jewish mother to be acknowledged as a legal Jew. The Jewish faith is not required, although it is the second condition which counts in recognising Jewish identity. The third criterion is the cultural bond with Jewish community. The analysis of these three criteria proved that Edith Stein can be undoubtedly regarded as a lawful Jew. She had a Jewish mother, followed Jewish religious principles and felt a strong connection with a Jewish community. The fact that she stopped praying and lost interest in Jewish religion did not influenced her Jewish identity. She still perceived herself as a Jew and was distinguished as one by others.
Wpływ świadków prawdy na zmagania duchowe św. Edyty Stein
Raganiewicz, Magdalena (Papieski Wydział Teologiczny we Wrocławiu, 2009)
Philosophy opened Edith Stein the perspective of Absolute, but it was the testimony of people, for whom faith was the centre of life, that decided of her baptism in the Catholic church. Phenomenology prepared her mentally to the later reception of God but it was the discovery of the depth and strength of individual people’s faith in Christ that determined her conversion into Catholicism. First Edith Stein was deeply moved by her lecturer Max Scheler, who clearly presented her the world of catholic values. Than she experienced profoundly the death of her friend Adolph Reinach. His funeral was a kind of a spiritual breakthrough, which she later described as her first meeting with Cross and its victory over death. An enormous influence on her soul had an anonymous woman whom Edith met in the cathedral. Edith Stein was astounded to see somebody who could stop in the middle of a busy day and spend some precious moments talking to Someone whose presence Edith had not perceived yet. The last witness of faith, Saint Teresa of Ávila, was the one who definitely convinced Edith Stein that the sense of life cannot be found anywhere else but in Christ. That Saint evidently proved that it is Jesus Christ who is the root of human existence; He is the Truth and the final answer to all people’s questions and doubts. The lecture of Saint Teresa’s autobiography was the final step on Edith Stein’s road to God. It resulted in baptism in the Catholic church which took place in January 1922.