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Śladami biblijnego marzēaḥ (Amos 6, 7; Jeremiasz 16, 5)
Tryl, Fabian (Wydawnictwo Towarzystwa Naukowego Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, 2008)
The mysterious term „marzeah” occurs twice in the Old Testament. In the Book of Amos it stands for an aristocratic feast, whereas in the Book of Jeremiah we read about „the house of marzeah” meaning a place used for mourning for the dead. The texts from Ugarit provide us with more information. Thorough analysis of the texts implies that „marzeah” was an institution assembling people representing upper social classes. At least one of its aims was cult of the dead. It clearly resembles mesopotamian „kipsu” - a ritual feast where people called their ancestors to „eat bread and drink water”. In the Bible it is a clear example of the trait of pagan beginnings of Israel, whose elements in their fragmentary form lasted until VI century B.C.
Twarzą w twarz z przodkami. O znaczeniu maṣṣēḇôṯ, bāmôṯ i těrāpîm w religii ludowej Ugarit i Izraela
Tryl, Fabian; Szmajdziński, Mariusz (Częstochowskie Wydawnictwo Archidiecezjalne „Regina Poloniae”, 2015)
The most important element of the world’s culture is a monotheistic religion. The Old Testament is showing Israelites as people who worshipped only one God, Yahweh. One of the most important elements of this religion was a very restrictive image ban. However, some fragments of the Bible, supported by archeology, suggest something different, showing a very complicated system of beliefs with very heavy Canaanite features. This work analyzes elements which are very important for folk religion, the cult of ancestors. They were venerated under images of maṣṣēḇôṯ (standing stones) and těrāpîm (figurines, busts of dead) in places called bāmôṯ (high places). These suggestions are supported by data from early Israel, Ugarit and other places of the ancient Near East.