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Panenteistyczny model przedstawiania Boga w ujęciu Paula Tillicha
Wojewoda, Mariusz (Wydawnictwo Świętego Krzyża, 1998)
Paul Tillich was a Protestant theologian and philosopher. He was bom in Strzadel Germany. In 1933 he emigrated to the United States when nazi took power in Germany. In the USA he worked at the American universities of Chicago and Boston, he died in 1965. Tillich tried to unite philosophy and theology concerning the problem of God. Philosophy deals with the structure of Being it-self, and theology deals with the meaning of being for us. Being it-self, Unconditional, living God are key notions in his method talking about God. Being it-self is the dynamics potentiality of being, living God is the actuality realm of being. Being it-self is the basic existence of all beings. Living God is the power of being. This power of being as action and expression, is given to everything with its existence. Unconditional and conditional elements are always present in structure of being. Man is driven towards faith by his awareness of the Infinite. God is the creator of the world, he is basic creator of every thing in evry moment. Agape is the spiritual aspect of love, love is the ontological unity of unconditional and conditional elements in human life. We must speak of God as Being it-self only in symbolic terms. Symbolic language alone is able to express the ultimite reality. Symbols are created in several sphares of man’s cultur: political, artistic, and the religion reality. In religion language: Almighty God, Eternal God, Judge, Highest, Creator, Savior, Lord, Father are the symbols unconditional God as Being it-self .
Pluralizm religijny w ujęciu Williama Jamesa i jego współczesna recepcja
Wojewoda, Mariusz (Uniwersytet Opolski. Redakcja Wydawnictw Wydziału Teologicznego, 2007)
„Pluralism” is a broad term applicable to any doctrine witch maintains that there are many ways of being of thing (ontological pluralism). Epistemological pluralism maintains that people are able to construct through multiple cognitive concepts using diverse models (standards of measurement) and systems of thought (knowledge). Religious pluralism has two aspects, descriptive and normative. The former acknowledges that there are many religious systems, many types of religious experience and many ways of understanding the so-called ‘religious tradition’ The latter is a claim that religious diversity is a norm recognition thesis about many religions is norm, which in turn means that there are many ways of knowing of God, each characterized by partial truth, goodness and beauty. William James is an 20thcentury proponent of pluralism. He asserts that right to believe precedes the need for proof-evidence ahead of the evidence. We are free agents and we are able to reach objective values by different means. James maintains that the salvation of the world requires both the work of a human being and the assistance of God. He affirms free because he believes that only actions chosen from among equally possible alternatives have moral quality. James brings together psychological and philosophical inquiry. He understands psychology to be a theory of relationships between mental events and psychological changes and conceives of emotions as bodily impressions-changes caused by perception. With the help of insights from such disciplines as psychology, philosophy of religion and the natural sciences we arrive a picture of a human being and the multiple variations of his-her experience. John H. Hick and Ch. Taylor are continue the James’ line of thought within philosophy of religion. Hick is known for his “pluralistic hypothesis” which claims that each of the major religious traditions offers a path to salvation-liberation that involves a transition-transformation from self-centrednedss to focusing on ultimate reality. God, as the ultimate, can be differently conceived, experienced and responded to from within different traditions. Ch. Taylor looks for sources of contemporary individualism. His explores the subtler language of poetry and religion in an attempt to determine the ways in which individualism and expressivism are embedded in cultural, social and religious contexts.