The Biblical Annals, 2026, T. 16, nr 1

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John’s Farewell Discourse under the Shadow of Mark
Bowes, William (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2026)
The lengthy discourses of John’s Gospel are a feature of the Evangelist’s writing which has contributed to the idea that he wrote independently of other Gospels. The absence of such discourses in the Synoptics might suggest that John’s discourses are idiosyncratic vehicles for theologizing, wherein Jesus’ speech mirrors Johannine idiom. In this article, I re-examine Jesus’ farewell discourse in John 13–17 in light of the view that John is dependent on Mark’s Gospel. Although John 13–17 is not often considered a connection between these Gospels, I argue that John built this material from Mark 12–14, seeking to improve and expand Mark in a competitive literary marketplace and to persuade his readers to view Jesus and themselves in a particularly Johannine way. John’s compositional practices in his farewell discourse material will be compared with two Jewish texts (Chronicles and Jubilees) which reinterpret earlier source material to create farewell discourses.
The Presence and the Role of Senses in Proto-Apocalyptic Book of Joel
Nowińska, Joanna (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2026)
The proto-apocalyptic Book of Joel attracts attention with a multitude of sensory references. They not only provide the dynamics of the text but also create an experience of interpersonal contact that is elusive in cursory reading. The synergy in which they remain and the mutual reinforcement raise the question of the role of the senses in the process of persuasion undertaken in the apocalyptic context and text. Analyses of the semantic layer, with the application of the methods of literary analysis, with reference also to the theory of affect, conducted on the biblical text in synchronicity, reveal the radical turns of thought, marked by references to the senses, as well as counterpoints highlighting the main points of the message. They make it possible to perceive the various stages of the communicative exchange, its coherence, and the specificity of affect, where the removal of blockages in the interpersonal relationship is located. The application of the guidelines of the theory of affect reveals, among other things, the space of perception offered in the Book of Joel through references to the senses, in accordance with the culture of the recipient. The power of persuasion, pointing to the active work of God, conveyed through the language of the senses, becomes graspable to the recipient who experiences trauma and adversity.
Verifying Biblical Allusions in John 1:51: A Methodological Framework for Genesis Reception Studies
Tułodziecki, Tomasz (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2026)
Current methodologies for identifying biblical allusions in the Fourth Gospel, while extensive, often struggle with texts that operate through imagery and metaphor. This study applies a tripartite framework – textual flow analysis, image analysis, and intertextual verification – to demonstrate that John 1:51 constitutes a deliberate allusion to Jacob’s dream (Gen 28:12). The methodology reveals that the allusion operates through recontextualization: the Son of Man replaces both Jacob’s ladder and the divine figure, creating a new christological revelation theology. While multiple intertextual connections may be present (including Dan 7), the Genesis reception proves central to the text’s mystagogical function. The applied verification shows semantic, structural, and functional correspondences between the texts, confirming systematic Genesis reception in the Johannine narrative. This synchronic approach, though it yields specific insights into the text’s faith-formational purpose, represents one methodological option among others. The framework contributes to ongoing discussions about allusion verification in biblical texts, particularly for passages where imagery carries the primary allusive weight. The results demonstrate that authentic allusions function not through simple borrowing, but through deliberate theological recontextualisation that preserves original narrative function while establishing new meaning paradigms.
What Is the Sin of Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit, and Why Is It Unforgivable (Mark 3:28–30 and Parallels)?
Kręcidło, Janusz (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2026)
This article is a comprehensive examination of the sin of blasphemy against the Holy Spirit. Despite numerous attempts to definitively answer the question of the nature of this sin in Christian history and today, it still appears to be a crux interpretum. The first step is to comprehensively present the status quaestionis and attempt to systematise existing research. The lack of consensus among scholars justifies the need to address this topic from a broader research perspective. The first step in exegetical analysis is a meticulous examination of the synoptic passages in Mark 3:28–30, Matt 12:31–32 and Luke 12:10 in their narrative contexts. This article argues that the essence of the sin of blasphemy against the Holy Spirit is the rejection of the revelation offered by God in Jesus Christ and of God Himself as the revealed God, i.e. apostasy. However, each Evangelist approaches this issue differently, placing emphasis on different aspects. This article also asserts that Luke, probably inspired by Q 12:10, attempts to remove this teaching from its local narrative context and make it universal. This article also examines other texts (Heb 6:4–6, 1 John 5:16, and Gos. Thom. 44) that broaden the theological and cultural context for interpreting the gospel teaching on blasphemy against the Holy Spirit, but they do not add much new content.

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