Scripta Biblica et Orientalia, 2013, T. 5

Stały URI dla kolekcjihttps://theo-logos.pl/handle/123456789/7047

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    Basen Górnego Tygrysu w okresie imperium nowoasyryjskiego
    Hipp, Krzysztof (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2013)
    The Upper Tigris basin between Diyarbekir and Cizre forms a natural geographical boundary between the Anatolian highlands and Upper Mesopotamia. During the late Assyrian period, this region became a political border of the empire, where the Assyrians created a buffer zone comprising both small political entities that were more or less dependent and new provinces, successfully keeping the northern archenemy – Urartu at bay in this region. The neo-Assyrian kings were also keenly interested in stabilizing the political situation in the Upper Tigris valley for economic reasons. They exploited the abundant natural and human resources, including the natural deposit stretching to the north beyond the Taurus Mountains. Relevant written sources speak volumes about the methods of this exploitation, which are also reflected in the archeological data collected from the excavations conducted recently on a vast scale by the rescue projects (due to the building of the dams on the Tigris and the Euphrates.) This article deals with the socio-economic situation in the area between Cizre and Diyarbakir during the reign of the Sargonids, focusing on the role of the Upper Tigris between the two towns as a thoroughfare of transportation. The river was undoubtedly the main artery for the Assyrians transport goods and (to a lesser extent) people down the river into the Assyrian heartland.
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    Biografia egipskiego dostojnika z okresu Starego Państwa na przykładzie inskrypcji z grobowca Her-chufa
    Taterka, Filip (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2013)
    The article discusses the biography of Her-khuf, who lived during the 4th dynasty, as a model example of ancient Egyptian biographical inscription of the Old Kingdom period. The first part of the text describes the structure of Egyptian biography, presenting its typical elements as well as their functions. The next part describes the most important episodes of Her-khuf ’s official career as presented in his biography, especially his four expeditions to the Nubian land of Iam organised under Mer-en-Ra Nemty-em-saf and Nefer-ka-Ra Pepy II. Her-khuf ’s biography contains also one unique element, which is a letter from young Pepy II concerning a Pygmy who was brought by the official to Egypt while returning from his fourth expedition to Iam. The text of the article is followed by first complete Polish translation of the ancient Egyptian text with a historical commentary.
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    Merkury – מרקוליס
    Lipiński, Edward (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2013)
    Mercury, the Roman god of merchants and wayfarers, identified with the Greek god Hermes, occupies a relatively conspicuous place in the Mishnah and the Talmud. Rabbis seem to have been confronted quite often with sites dedicated to this pagan god and repeatedly warn against his worship. It was common for people either to add stones to mounds that had been erected in honour of Mercury alongside roads or to place gifts onto stone tables that had been dedicated to Mercury. If Mercury is discussed by rabbis more than any other pagan deity, it is probably due to the important roles played by Jewish merchants, wayfarers, and rabbis who travelled continuously along the silk roads connecting Babylonia, Syria, Palestine, and northern Arabia. It is unlikely that sentences of death by lapidation were ever carried out as punishiment for this possible idolatrous behaviour, as Jewish courts in Roman times were deprived of the right to pass and carry out death sentences. In effect, the warnings against idolatry had only moral and religious significance.
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    Sakkara – kopalnia źródeł do historii Egiptu
    Myśliwiec, Karol (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2013)
    The largest necropolis of pharaonic Egypt was a place where kings, as well as noblemen and middle class citizens from the cosmopolitan metropolis of Memphis, were buried during a long period spanning almost four millennia, from prehistoric times to the Middle Ages. Many archaeological missions from various countries have excavated in Saqqara, from mid-19th century until now, thus enriching historiography with important new sources. This research was performed by a joint Polish-Egyptian team. Directed by the author of the present article, the excavations began in 1987 and have continued yearly since 1996. The article presents both the most important discoveries made by the mission and, in their light, the open questions inspiring further studies. The discoveries have specifically enlarged our knowledge of two phases of Egyptian history: a) The late Old Kingdom (particularly the 6th Dynasty), when a dense conglomeration of mudbrick-built and rock-hewn tombs came into being on the west side of the “step pyramid” (3rd Dynasty). Among the tomb owners were two high ranking courtiers whose funerary chapels were decorated with reliefs and paintings of unique artistic value; b) The Ptolemaic Period (III–I centuries B.C.) during which hundreds of middle class noblemen were buried in the sand stratum overlying the Old Kingdom necropolis; popularity of this cemetery may be connected with the first burial of Alexander the Great in the vicinity of the Memphite Serapeum. The excavation campaign in 2012 started a new, interdisciplinary research projectthat is connected with the so-called “Dry Moat,” originally a stone quarry used later for funeral and sacral purposes. With respect to its methodology, the new project emphasizes the unique geoarchaeological aspects of the mysterious object.
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    Starożytny Egipt w świadomości historycznej Polaków
    Myśliwiec, Karol (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2013)
    The article is a diachronic study focusing on the presence of Ancient Egyptian culture in the humanistic consciousness of Poles, beginning with the reports of the first travelers from the beginning of the 16th century, through art collectors’ activities in 18th-19th centuries, literary works inspired by Egyptian history and culture, the first Polish Egyptologists, and subsequently the creation of the renowned “Polish school of Mediterranean archaeology” founded by Professor Kazimierz Michałowski nearly eighty years ago. The “Polish school” has continued to enlarge its fields of scientific interest even after its founder had passed away in 1981. Among the most important recent discoveries made by Polish Egyptologists and archaeologists in the Nile Valley (both in Egypt and in Sudan) are also structures and artifacts from the earliest periods of Egyptian history, the Archaic Period and the Old Kingdom (3rd millennium B.C.). What particularly inspires the activity of the Poles in the field of Egyptology is the feeling that Ancient Egyptian culture is part of their own identity.
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    Świętość ziemi Izraela w Księdze Ezechiela
    Pikor, Wojciech (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2013)
    The author tries to verify the sacral character of the land of Israel proposed by the prophet Ezekiel. The article outlines the structure of the vision of New Israel in Eze 40-48. Then, the significance of the return of Yahweh’s Glory to the temple, as described in 43:1-2, is examined. The renewed presence of God in the Jerusalem Temple constitutes an essential element of the sacral concept of the land. This is evident in the image of water flowing from the temple, which transforms the land of Israel (47:1-12). The water metaphor confirms that God’s sanctity does not close him towards others, but opens God to embrace his people, who, by the gift of the restored land, come into a life-giving relationship with him. Finally, the sacral concept of the land of Israel is indicated in the theological geography proposed by Ezekiel in the vision of the new borders of the land.