The Biblical Annals, 2025, T. 15, nr 1

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“Breaking a Dog’s Neck” as a Metaphor for Oppressing the Weak. An Exegetical-Historical Analysis of the Expression ערף כלב (Isa 66:3)
Jędrzejczak, Andrzej Łukasz (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2025)
This paper analyses Isa 66:3 and presents a new interpretation of the expression ערף כלב “breaks a dog’s neck.” There are various proposals to explain this enigmatic expression. One points, for example, to a possible ritual in which dogs were to be sacrificed by breaking their necks. This ritual was supposed to have been practised in the ancient Levant, including the Israelites/Judahites. This explanation is called into question in this article. It is pointed out that the phrase can be understood as a metaphor for people who impinge on the dignity of others. The exegesis of biblical texts, the examples cited from ancient Near Eastern literature, and the analysis of archaeological material indicate that this expression may have a different meaning from that hitherto accepted.
Donne straniere nel Libro di Rut e nell’inizio del Libro dei Proverbi (capp. 1–9)
Scaiola, Donatella (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2025)
The texts of Prov 1–9 and Ruth present the reader with contrasting visions concerning the relationship with the ‘other.’ In spite of the still-open extensive debate on the identification of the female figure described in Prov 1–9, it seems fairly certain that both texts can be ascribed to the post-exilic period and thus fall within the issue of mixed marriages, which can be read at various levels: religious, identity, economic, also thanks to the elaboration of an extensive exegesis of the biblical texts.
Suretyship in the Teaching of Ben Sira (Sir 29:14–20)
Piwowar, Andrzej (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2025)
The article is an analysis of the teaching of Ben Sira on becoming surety for individuals in need of that form of economic and material assistance contained in Sir 29:14–20. First, the way of functioning of suretyship in Israel and the approach to it is discussed, mainly based on the Book of Proverbs, which quite strongly and emphatically forbids that practice. This is followed by a delimitation of the pericope in the work of Ben Sira devoted to that issue and the presentation of its structure. The main part of the article is devoted to the exegetical analysis of Sir 29:14–20 based on the historical-critical method, taking into account elements of syntactic and semantic analysis. Ben Sira does not forbid becoming surety for those in need of such support; on the contrary, he encourages it (cf. 29:14a, 20a). However, influenced by abuses of that practice (cf. 29:16–19), he urges his disciple to be cautious and become surety only for acquaintances – neighbours (cf. 29:14a, 20a), not to risk and become bankrupt (cf. 29:16a, 17a, 20b) or be forced to leave the home country in case the borrower (cf. 29:18), for whom one had vouched, does not pay the obligations to the creditor. At the same time, Sirach reminds the person for whom someone has vouched of the need to fulfil the obligation towards the guarantor (cf. 29:15) as not doing so means becoming a sinner (cf. 29:16a, 19a). The main motive for Ben Sira’s change in approach to suretyship, in relation to the Book of Proverbs, seems to be primarily drawing attention to the commandment to help one’s neighbour, to which the Sage refers implicitly, and the desire to protect the Jewish community and strengthen it economically at a time when Hellenistic influence on it was increasingly stronger and more significant.
The Intermediate State: Revelation 6:9–11 and 20:4–6, 13 in the Light of Daniel 12:2, 13
Kuryliak, Bohdan; Kuryliak, Ihor (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2025)
In the Book of Revelation, John sees souls under the altar, who then come to life (Rev 6:9–11; 20:4–6, 13). The passages describing the scene are often used as arguments to confirm the existence of a conscious state after death. This article criticises this dualistic interpretation and argues that Dan 12:2, 13 are verses of high importance for the correct interpretation of Rev 6:9–11 and 20:4–6, 13. The article discusses the six parallels between these texts and, based on the Old Testament background, shows that the word ψυχή in Rev 6:9–11 means “blood,” which represents the slain martyrs. The article argues that the teaching on the state of the dead in the Books of Daniel and Revelation is based on a holistic anthropological concept.

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