The Biblical Annals, 2016, T. 6, nr 3

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    Jahwe – „szybki świadek” w Ml 3,5b na tle literatury międzytestamentalnej i rabinicznej
    Zawadzki, Arnold (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2016)
    The article analyzes the imagery of God as a “swift witness” (Mal 3:5b) against the backdrop of the Jewish biblical, intertestamental, and rabbinic traditions. By adopting the reference to the deuteronomistic institution of the witness which provided surety for the observance of the Sinaitic covenant, the prophet implicitly expresses the advent of a religious crisis signaled by the lack of proper religious identity and by the weakening of the temple institutions created to safeguard and cultivate this identity. The image of God as a “swift witness” who comes to his temple to execute judgment on those who break the Covenant, and to inaugurate the ultimate era of justice, constitutes the prophet’s answer to all those who harbor doubt about God’s justice.
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    Mędrzec – ideał człowieka poszukującego mądrości (Syr 14,20–15,10). Część II: Działanie mądrości i przestroga skierowana do grzesznika (Syr 15,1-10)
    Piwowar, Andrzej (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2016)
    The second part of Sir 14:20–15:10, that is 15:1-10, consists of five sections: 15:1 functions as an introduction, vv. 2-3 focus on wisdom’s actions towards the one who seeks it, vv. 4-6 contain promises made to the person who has acquired wisdom, vv. in turn 7-8 constitute a warning for the fool – that is the sinner, while in the concluding part of the pericope analyzed in the present article (vv. 9-10) Sirach speaks of God’s worship as the culmination of the efforts made in order to acquire wisdom. Mere intellectual efforts do not suffice to acquire wisdom. It is wisdom itself that helps those who seek to attain it (vv. 2-3; the metaphors of the mother and wife, of being fed the bread of knowledge and the water of wisdom). Wisdom is personified as the guide in the process while at the same time remaining the object being sought. Its actions towards the man who strives to acquire it are akin to God’s actions towards Israel and all the believers. The promises made in 15:4-6 pertain both to the wisdom-seeker’s earthly existence (he will never fall nor will he be disgraced; on the contrary, he will be elevated and awarded with joy) and his afterlife (his descendants will remember him forever). In 15:7-8 Sirach expresses a warning directed to fools, that is sinners. They will never attain wisdom for their conduct defies wisdom’s requirements for those who seek it (fear of God, knowledge of the Law and contemplation both of wisdom and the commandments). The author concludes by saying that God’s worship constitutes the apex of attaining wisdom, a sign that one has actually acquired it. Fools and sinners cannot worship God for they do not submit to God’s command and hence will never acquire wisdom. The article also compares the theological message of 14:20–15:10 concerning wisdom with other fragments of the Book of Sirach that refer to the seeking and finding of wisdom (1:1-10; 4:11-19 and 6:18-37).
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    Obraz Boga w przekazie Czwartej Księgi Machabejskiej
    Baran, Grzegorz M. (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2016)
    The Fourth Book of Maccabees (4 Macc.) ‒ although being a philosophical and rhetorical work that mainly deals with the issue of overcoming passion by means of „pious reason” ‒ contains a number of references to God which have naturally been woven into the corpus of this work. All these references allow one to draw up an image of God present in the mind of the author of 4Macc. It is evident from the analyses, that although 4 Macc. is imbued with the spirit of Greek (Hellenistic) philosophy and literature, the image of God sketched by the author of 4 Macc. is firmly rooted in the Old Testament’s theological tradition. Even the concept of pro,noia, taken directly from Greek philosophy, in 4 Macc. has a close relationship with theology of the Old Testament. This leads to the conclusion that the author of 4 Macc. ‒ in spite of his rooting in the Hellenistic culture ‒ was a pious Jew who, through his work, wanted to strengthen the faith of his brethren.
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    Znaczenie pozycji aniołów w grobie Jezusa w J 20,12
    Kubiś, Adam (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2016)
    Compared with the Synoptics, the Johannine angels assume a particular and significant position inside Jesus’ tomb. The evangelist describes it precisely as one angel sitting at the place of Jesus’ head and another at the place of Jesus’ feet. Not all Johannine commentators pay attention to this detail, yet a comparison with the descriptions of the angels’ positions in the different synoptic narratives demonstrates that they all reflect original editorial work on the part of each the evangelist. Consequently, these accounts can – and indeed do – convey particular ideological or theological stances typical of each gospel writer, including John. With regard to John 20:12, the article surveys proposals advanced by several Johannine commentators, beginning with some very obvious and prosaic explanations and ending with the most probable meanings behind the particular posture of Johannine angels. According to a strictly archeological-historical explanation, the position of the Johannine angles is no more than an indication that Jesus’ burial place was not a tomb of kôkîm type. The article also presents allegorical interpretations, from St. Augustine to St. Thomas Aquinas; a religious-cultural exposition referring to the Egyptian goddesses Isis and Nephthys; a few very literal explanations accentuating the physical emptiness between the angels; and an intertextual exposition based on a targumic reading of Isaiah 6. At the end, as the most persuasive solution, the article proposes that the Johannine angels represent the cherubs of the Ark of the Covenant and the mercy seat. This intertextual and symbolic interpretation likewise explains Mary Magdalene’s lack of fear and astonishment in her interaction with supernatural beings.