Geneza i dzieje maryjnego tytułu „Brama Niebios”

Abstract

The article attempts to reveal the origin and the development of the Marian title “Gate of Heaven”. It is not of direct biblical origin. It was, however, introduced on the assumptions present in the Revelation. Already in patristics, Mary was perceived as ‘gate’ through which man received salvation (e.g. Justin, Irenaeus). Ephrem the Syrian was one of the first to call her “Gate of Heaven”. Later on, other Fathers of the Church did likewise, especially Byzantine ones (e.g. Andrew of Crete, John of Damascus). They usually justified the title with her divine motherhood. In-depth argumentation, referring to Mary’s participation in Jesus’ crucifixion and her intercessions, became manifested in the Middle Ages (e.g. Anselm of Canterbury, Peter Damiani, Bonaventura). This was characterized by the development of the devotion to the Gate of Heaven. Modem centuries continued to crystallize the theological significance of the title. The liturgical cult of the Gate of Heaven intensified. The Magisterium of the Church voiced its opinion on the matter. The two latest Popes in particular established perspectives in order to improve the title’s theology and cult; however it has not yet received comprehensive and in-depth analysis. Still, studies prevail that explain it occasionally, in an encyclopediacal or popular-science manner. However, hermeneutical clues can be identified there that allow to interpret the title’s significance adequately: (1) in the context of the mystery of Christ, and with reference to Him to call Mary the Gate of Heaven; (2) to explain the title in the descending sense (through her came the Savior of the world) and in the ascending sense (she accompanies those on pilgrimage to heaven through her example and intercession); (3) to avoid ambiguities in her cult – she is not a “widened gate”, an easier way to heaven but – just like Christ – demands obeying the whole Gospel.