Scripta Biblica et Orientalia, 2011, T. 3

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Przeglądaj Scripta Biblica et Orientalia, 2011, T. 3 wg Autor "Lipiński, Edward"

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    Afrodyta w Akko-Ptolemais
    Lipiński, Edward (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2011)
    The cult of Aphrodite is attested at Acre-Ptolemais in Roman times, but it goes probably back to the Hellenistic period. Acre was a city of ancient Phoenicia, depending from Tyre. It did not belong to Israel in Antiquity, when it was the best seaport of Canaan. Besides, it was located on an important coastal road from Egypt to Syria, Anatolia, and Mesopotamia. The city was renamed Ptolemais by Ptolemy II and this name was in use until the 7th century A.D. Ptolemais had a most stirring and tragic history, becoming a royal see under the Seleucids, who probably introduced the cult of Aphrodite, identified with Astarte. She was a patroness of the town, as shown not only by local coins with the effigy of the goddess, but also by her statue decorating the thermae of Acre. They were frequented by Roman veterans, whose colony was established at Ptolemais by Claudius and Nero, but even by Jews, among them rabbis like Gamaliel II, the head of the Yabneh council from ca. 80 to ca. 105 A.D. The statue of the naked goddess, recognizable on the coins, belonged to the iconographic type of the so-called “Venus of the Medici” at Florence, like the statue found at Tell al-Qadp i (Tel Dan). The location of her sanctuary at Acre is uncertain, but it might have been Tell Fuhhar (Tel Akko) or a site in the latter’s vicinity, where remains of a Hellenistic shrine have been discovered.
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    Miasta Lewickie w Zajordanii
    Lipiński, Edward (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2011)
    The Levitical cities of Transjordan, viz. Golan, Ashtaroth, Ramoth-Gilead, and Mahanaim, as well as Jazer and Heshbon, seem to have been garrison towns of the Kingdom of Israel at the border of the Aramaic kingdom of Damascus and near the capital city of the Ammonites. This view is confirmed by the role of the four Levitical cities on the “Reubenite” territory to the east of the Dead Sea, where they appear as military stations defending the border of the Omride kingdom from incursions of the desert people, and by the distribution of the Levitical cities between the fortresses of 2 Krn 11:6-10, where they seem to form a defence line on the border of the Kingdom of Judah. The Levites appear therefore as members of garrisons keeping watch over border towns, as confirmed bThetymology. There were other fortified places, like Gadara, which are not listed among the Levitical cities, possibly because they were no endangered sites at the frontier. The disappearance of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah obviously influenced the professional role of the Levitical families whose members first became guardians of the Temple and later assumed also other functions in the Temple service.