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Between the dogmatic and magical formula. Ecumenical perspective
Cholewa, Marcin; Gilski, Marek (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2019)
The present article concerns the question of the formulas which both religion and magic use. Although even if they often sound identical, their understanding and their role are radically different. The article consists of four parts. The first part provides examples of Christian magical papyri dating from the first centuries, which show the use of both the New Testament as well as the terms and dogmatic formulas in the magical texts. The second part gives examples of the Fathers of the Eastern and the Western Church in their common criticism of magic. The third part examines differences in the understanding of dogmatic formulas between Christianity and magic. Finally, conclusions of ecumenical character are formulated.
Ewolucja jako stwórcze działanie Boga. Zmierzch czy świt koncepcji?
Cholewa, Marcin (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II w Krakowie, 2010)
It has still been unable to establish satisfactorily the principles and language of the dialogue between science and religion in this perhaps most pressing issue of the dispute between evolutionism and Christian doctrine. The bimonthly “Polonia Christiana”, 11 (Nov-Dec 2009), published a series of text under the telling title: “Twilight of the theory of evolution”, which were critically evaluating the possibility of the theory of evolution being received by Christian theology. These texts became the inspiration for the article. The objective of this article was to recall (obviously only selected) statements of naturalists, Christian thinkers, theologians, popes and the Magisterium of the Church which refer positively to the theory of evolution. The texts display firstly the approval for the evolutionary way of thinking in Christian theology. Secondly, and this is perhaps even more important, one can see the evolution in the approach to the evolutionary way of thinking. The evolutionary style of thinking is in fact today, despite the opinions of some scholars, a more and more legitimate approach. Trails, where theology, philosophy and natural sciences wander are becoming more consistent. We can hope that in future it will come to their creative meeting.
Jedność w wielości. Teoria ewolucji i wiara w ujęciu Tadeusza Wojciechowskiego
Cholewa, Marcin (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II w Krakowie, 2009)
The objective of the article is to recount the conclusions of the quest of T. Wojciechowski, who devoted the main part of his scientific work to bridging the gap between natural sciences, theology and philosophy. When speaking about the causes of difficulties in the reception of the theory of evolution by theology, he pointed at (1) taking advantage of Darwinism to fight with religion; (2) conservatism as a characteristic of human psyche; (3) the experience of “humiliation of the human” due to his inclusion in the natural world; (4) difficulties in distinguishing the myth and the revelation levels in the biblical text; (5) perceiving the inspired author as an astronomer or a naturalist. The conclusions point out that (1) the psychological context of the research has great significance to the interpretation of the data; (2) bringing the human closer to the animal world has made his special position in the nature manifest in a surprising way; (3) there is no contradiction between science and faith as they operate at different levels, the creator of which is the same God.
Męczeństwo formą samobójstwa?
Cholewa, Marcin (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II, 2012)
The article focuses on key elements of martyrdom (conscious and voluntary acceptance of death, dying for the faith, virtues pertaining to God, bearing witness to truth and love, patient endurance until death, externalised defending the truth of faith, a persecutor as opposed to the martyr, no pursuit of martyrdom, the pursuit of martyrdom not for its glory) and altruistic suicide (conscious and voluntary acceptance of death, death for the sake of others, society, bearing witness to the values, God, honour, friendship, freedom, desire for death without reward, death as a personal act, not harming innocent people, exceptions are acts of terrorism and suicide acts during wars). It seems that martyrdom and altruistic suicide are, using the language of mathematics, two different sets having a common part. Because of that there arises a considerable difficulty while classifying borderline situations. An auxiliary, though an insufficient criterion for martyrdom, appears to be external efficacy. The other element is the acceptance of death in the case of martyrdom, rather than striving for it. The sense of faith of people gathering at the grave of a martyr may be an essential element.
Recepcja beatyfikacji i kanonizacji a tytuły parafii erygowanych w Archidiecezji Krakowskiej w latach 1978-2010
Cholewa, Marcin; Gilski, Marek; Mieczkowski, Janusz (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II, 2011)
The involvement of John Paul II in canonization issues was expressed in two dimensions. The first referred to his legislative activity, i.e. setting norms for canonization proceedings, and the latter concerned the declaration of the blessed and saints. The aim of this article is to answer how many parishes of the Archdiocese of Krakow have been entrusted to the care of those declared saints and blessed by John Paul II.The following conclusions have been drawn on the basis of the conducted analysis: – 26 beatifications and 9 canonizations took place during the pontificate ofjohn Paul II. – Out of 186 parishes of the Archdiocese of Krakow founded in the years 1979-2010, 62 of them (33 per cent) were dedicated to the blessed and saints, including 21 (11 per cent) dedicated to those beatified and canonized by John Paul II. – Through beatification and canonizationjohn Paul II emphasized an exceptional role of the saints involved in the works of mercy. The former tradition addressed mainly the importance of martyrdom. This new approach is reflected in current patronage practices (patrocinium).
Rola myślenia w religijnej i magicznej interpretacji rzeczywistości
Cholewa, Marcin; Gilski, Marek (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II w Krakowie, 2011)
It is difficult to precisely point out elements which are characteristic solely for religion or solely for magic. Due to this, the objective factor seems to be insufficient in accurate determination of a demarcation criterion between religion and magic. Therefore, there is a necessity of looking for other criteria allowing for such distinction. Thinking, as a subjective and relational category, seems to be a good opportunity for overcoming this difficulty. Three types of thinking differentiated in the article (thinking in the area of a norm, borderland thinking and pathological thinking) enable initial indication of similarities and differences between religious and magical thinking. On the other hand, making references to the texts of Durkheim, Malinowski, Frazer, Goode, Sieradzan, Wypustek or Pindel, i.e. authors who dealt with the relation between religion and magic during ancient times, became a starting point for formulating 13 criteria which differentiate and, at the same time, characterize two styles of thinking: religious and magical.
Strukturalizm i funkcjonalizm w podejściu do definicji postaw
Cholewa, Marcin (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2008)
The purpose of this article in its first part was to demonstrate methodologically different paradigms in approach to defining attitude. Three perspectives were characterised here – the ecological, the behavioural and the cognitive perspective. In consequence, a conclusion was drawn that it was impossible to elaborate one, structural definition of attitude. In the second part of the article functions of attitude were discussed. Particular stress was laid on the way attitudes influence perception, assessment, memorising information as well as the choice of certain behaviour with selectivity. This lead to a proposition of an operational definition of attitude which could be accepted by several theoretical approaches. It was also the aim of the second part of the article. Attitude can be described in its functional aspect as a certain type content which has adaptive meaning for the subject, as it focusses our cognitive structures on information relevant to us. It thus influences our selective perception of the world in order to shape our preference for certain types of behaviour.