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Affect and psychological well-being in spouses of cancer patients: the mediating role of meaning in life and self-efficacy
Krok, Dariusz; Gerymski, Rafał (Redakcja Wydawnictw Wydziału Teologicznego Uniwersytetu Opolskiego, 2021)
The examination of the psychological functioning of cancer patients’spouses implies that affect and personal resources play an important role in their psychological well-being. This is a consequence of the severe stress caused by the medical conditions of a spouse and of responsibilities related to caregiving. This study aimed to examine the role of affect and purpose-oriented personal resources (meaning in life and self-efficacy) in shaping psychological well-being in the spouses of cancer patients. The participants were 214 spouses of gastrointestinal patients who were either undergoing medical treatment in hospital units or attending scheduled clinic appointments at outpatient medical clinics. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS-X), Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWB), Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), and General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) were used. The results indicated that positive affect was positively correlated with meaning in life, self-efficacy, and psychological well-being. In contrast, negative affect was negatively correlated with positive affect, meaning in life, self-efficacy, and psychological well-being. The mediation analyses demonstrated that meaning in life and self-efficacy were mediators between positive and negative affect and psychological well-being. The mediating function of meaning in life and self-efficacy revealed the significant role of personal resources based on purpose and self-motivation in the relationship between affect and psychological well-being. Positive and negative affect can influence motivational processes that enable patients and their families to constructively deal with challenging and illness-related situations. Caregivers and medical staff could take into account the important role of purpose-oriented resources as they affect the functioning of both patients and their families.
Alvin Dueck, Cameron Lee (wyd.), Why psychology needs theology, Grand Rapids: Mich. Eerdmans, 2005, ss. 206, ISBN 0-8028-2907-4
Krok, Dariusz (Uniwersytet Opolski. Redakcja Wydawnictw Wydziału Teologicznego, 2006)
Charakter relacji rodzinnych a dobrostan psychiczny
Krok, Dariusz (Redakcja Wydawnictw Wydziału Teologicznego Uniwersytetu Opolskiego, 2011)
This article reviews theoretical and empirical advances in research on the character of family relationships and subjective well-being. The concept of subjective well-being is defined in accordance with the traditional approach as a category that includes a cognitive evaluation of one’s life and the balance of positive emotions relative to negative emotions. This term has received a growing interest in the psychological research on human happiness reflecting the perpetual human tendency to search for factors that contribute to our quality of life. The relations between family relationships and well-being are presented in three dimensions describing the following interactions: husband – wife, parents – children, and among siblings. The analyses of husband – wife relationships suggest that these interactions affect their well-being at multiple levels. Although the relations between marriage and subjective well-being is well recognized, the effect sizes are rather small. It is a result of other factors moderating the relations e.g. social classes, age, culture, timing of live events, social expectations. A well-established findings regarding parents and children point out that the parents’ relationships of support, warmth, and intimacy positively influence their children’s well-being. Family relationships are changed from more hierarchical relationships at the beginning of adolescence to more egalitarian relationships by late adolescence. The research on siblings shows that better relationships with brothers and sisters lead to better adjustment during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Even after controlling for level of parental and peer support, greater support from siblings is associated longitudinally with higher levels of emotional and social support and better adjustment. The results point at positive connections between siblings’ helpful and affirmative relationships and their well-being.
David Fontana, Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality, Oxford: Blackwell 2003 ‒ 260 ss., ISBN 1-4051-0805-3.
Krok, Dariusz (Uniwersytet Opolski. Redakcja Wydawnictw Wydziału Teologicznego, 2005)
Komunikacja kaznodziejska w świetle eksperymentalnej psychologii społecznej
Krok, Dariusz (Wydział Teologiczny Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego, 2004)
The aim of the present article is an attempt to present preaching communication within the field of experimental social psychology. Drawing on theological and psychological definitions of a sermon the article lays out key goals of preaching and ways that a priest can manage the process. It concentrates on the psychological aspects of sermons and tries to explain the main factors included in the process of preaching communication: sender, message, channel, and receiver. The features of these factors influence the level of persuasion and determinate the changes of attitudes in human communication. In addition to presenting persuasive communication, the paper provides examples of persuasion theory and research with reference to the field of preaching. A very interesting idea of analyzing religious and moral information comes from using the elaboration likelihood model which is nowadays considered the most influential theory of persuasion and attitude change. Finally, the article focuses on a potential adaptation of a model of the language attitudes process to the issue of sending and receiving sermons. Taking into account three crucial factors: speaker, hearer, and responses, the model appears to be an appropriate framework for creating new theoretical and empirical perspectives within preaching situations.
Motywacyjna funkcja procesu uświęcania w formowaniu relacji małżeńskich
Krok, Dariusz (Uniwersytet Opolski. Redakcja Wydawnictw Wydziału Teologicznego, 2013)
The article contributes to recent analyses presenting the concept of sanctification and investigating its role in marital relations. The sanctification process can be understood as a psychological process through which various aspects of life are perceived by people as having spiritual character and significance. It entails cognitive changes that happen when a certain object acquires a religious status. In the case of marriage, the sanctification process consists in spouses perceiving their union as sacred and affected by God’s invisible power. Married couples may experience numerous psychological benefits by accepting a sacred character of their union and by believing that their marital bonds hold religious meaning and significance. The sanctification process in marital relations derives its justification from well-established observations that religion can be a powerful and influential force in increasing social cohesion and integrating people’s behaviour. Sanctification can be a powerful source of motivation in developing and changing interactions between spouses who having recognised their relationships as intersecting with spiritual forces are likely to believe these bonds satisfy their psychological needs and functions. The key findings evidently prove that sanctification may offer significant benefits for marriage by: (1) increasing each partner’s happiness and well-being, which in turn strengthens their marital bonds and (2) preventing potential disagreements between partners and helping them resolve marital conflicts. Then, the motivational function of sanctification can be a vital source of marital cohesion on intra- and interpersonal levels.
Osobowościowe i społeczne uwarunkowania dojrzałości religijnej
Krok, Dariusz (Uniwersytet Opolski. Redakcja Wydawnictw Wydziału Teologicznego, 2008)
The interest in religion and religiousness among psychologists tends to be unswerving over time. It results from numerous interactions between religiousness and various dimensions of personality and social life. However, despite these interactions, there exists more and less mature forms of religious life. Distinguishing their core components seems to be very important for both developing further research in psychology of religion and revealing internal associations between religion and human life. Therefore, the article intends to analyze and explain personality and social factors which contribute to development and functioning of mature religiousness. It is divided into three major parts. The first part describes general relations between religiousness and personality and social life. Consistent research has shown that religious constructs represent cognitive and affective qualities that have behavioural implications across life span. The following fields reflect interactions between religion and personality: mental needs, values system, emotions and feelings, fear and anxiety, defence mechanisms. Such overlap in form and function makes it logical for one to view religiousness constructs within the interpretative framework of broader personality theories. Religiousness can be also perceived as an inherently social phenomenon, because it is related to a wide range of social behaviours e.g. interpersonal attitudes, prejudice, altruism and prosocial behaviour, and family relations. The second part comprises features of mature religiousness: autonomy of religious motivation, non-anthropomorphical image of God, ability to differentiate between central and peripheral religious elements, capacity for solving religious crises, authenticity of religious convictions, religious cognition. Their analyses confirm mutual links between religion and personality and social factors. The third part depicts psychosocial criteria of a similar construct i.e. maturity of religion: centrality of religious values, religious involvement, cohesion of religious convictions, integral character of religious attitude, personal dimension of religiousness, community dimension of religiousness, dynamic character of religiousness. Findings concerning relations between the above factors indicate that religion is an inseparable element of global human functioning embedded in personality and social dimensions.
Płeć psychologiczna a zadowolenie ze związku małżeńskiego i własnego życia
Krok, Dariusz; Lewoska, Ilona (Psychological sex and marital relationship satisfaction and life satisfaction, 2016)
The aim of this article is an empirical verification of the relations between partner’s personality traits according to Gender Scheme Theory by Sandra Bern and the quality of the marital relationship and life in the scope of cognitive and emotional dimensions of subjective well-being. 105 couples being in a marital relationship, for at least 1 year, were examined. The age of the examined couples ranged from 21 to 78 years, while the number of years being in a marital relationship oscillated from 1 to 54 years. Four indispensable tools were applied: IPP - the inventory to examine psychological sex; KDM-2 - the scale to measure satisfaction in marital relationships; SWLS - the measure of the cognitive dimension of subjective well-being; PANAS-X - the measure of the emotional dimension of subjective well-being. Most of the formulated hypotheses were confirmed. The results of the conducted research indicated that people who possess certain psychological characteristics connected with gender show better adjustment. What is more, these people possess greater satisfaction from marital relationships and a higher ratio of subjective well-being in the dimensions of life satisfaction and positive emotions. Moreover, the most sought type of psychological sex is androgenic sex.
Powiązania preferencji wartości z dobrostanem psychicznym w ujęciu hedonistycznym i eudajmonistycznym
Krok, Dariusz (Uniwersytet Opolski. Redakcja Wydawnictw Wydziału Teologicznego, 2011)
The main aim of this article is to investigate the relations between preferences of value system and subjective well-being studied in the framework of hedonistic and eudaimonistic traditions. Theories and research concerning value system and subjective well-being were thoroughly presented in order to gain a deep insight into the structures and functions of both concepts. Values are desirable goals, varying in importance, that serve as guiding principles in people’s lives. They represent basic motivations and show robust links to goals. Therefore, they play an important role in forming hedonistic and eudaimonistic well-being. Subjective well-being in the hedonistic perspective reflects a general evaluation of a person’s life in the categories of happiness, while well-being in the eudaimonistic perspective represents optimal human functioning and internal integration. In order to verify the formulated hypotheses 189 people were subjected to four questionnaires: Scheier’s Value Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Scale, and Psychological Well-Being Scale. The results revealed a number of interesting findings. Values show positive connections with the cognitive dimension of subjective well-being and positive affect, but not with the negative one. Vital, esthetic and sacred values have positive links with an overall satisfaction with life. The more individuals prefer sacred and moral values the higher is the level of eudaimonistic well-being. Actions taken in pursuit of each type of values have psychological consequences that can increase subjective well-being.
Psychologiczna analiza recepcji kazania jako procesu
Krok, Dariusz (Uniwersytet Opolski. Redakcja Wydawnictw Wydziału Teologicznego, 2000)
The aim of the article is an attempt to present the process of the reception of the sermon. It concentrates on the psychological aspects of preaching and attempts to explain basic dimensions of information processing in reception of the sermon. The article is divided into two principal parts. The first is concerned with the psychological analysis of the idea of the sermon. It describes an understanding of the sermon preached in Church and also presents the fundamental factors which are important in the structure and function of interpersonal communication: source, message, channel and receiver. The features of these factors influence the level of persuasion and determinate the changes of attitudes in human communication. The second part of the article refers to the reception of the sermon as a process. The reception of the sermon means the process o f individual acquiring of its contents. It attempts to consider the reception of the sermon in four dimensions: remembering the contents o f the sermon, understanding the information, the evaluation of the sermon, and the religious and existential assimilation. All the dimensions are treated jointly in the information processing of the sermon. The paper ends referring the possibilities of further analysis, empirical research and practical cues for preaching.
Psychologiczna koncepcja poszukiwania sacrum w religijności i duchowości
Krok, Dariusz (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2012)
Nowadays, there is a growing interest in the area of psychology of religion as regards religiousness and spirituality. In the past both terms overlapped substantially which was clearly visible in great spiritual traditions of many religions. Recently, however, spirituality has emerged as a distinct construct. Although, religiousness and spirituality have common characteristics they are generally regarded as related but not identical constructs. Both religiousness and spirituality are embedded within the context of “a search for the sacred” which refers to sacrum. The main difference is that religiousness represents the personal or communal search for the sacred that happens within a traditional and institutionalized context, while spirituality is usually understood as a search for the sacred at the level of the individual. The process of “search” entails the attempt to discover significance. People are goal-directed beings who pursue whatever they hold significant in their lives. The search for sacrum lies in the heart of religiousness and spirituality and can be found at multiple level of analysis: psychological, social, physical, and material. There are four main factors that determine the search for sacrum: developmental stage, culture and upbringing, life events, and activity. Their levels specify one’s religiousness and spirituality.
Psychologiczne mechanizmy perswazji i zmiany postaw
Krok, Dariusz (Uniwersytet Opolski. Redakcja Wydawnictw Wydziału Teologicznego, 2004)
The present article addresses the issue of persuasion and attitude change in human communication. Providing a discussion of classical and psychological definitions of persuasion, this text presents the role of persuasion research in experimental social psychology and explores its psychological mechanisms. Nowadays, persuasion is defined as the process by which a person is influenced to change their attitudes and opinions. This definition emphasizes mutual links between persuasion and attitude change which are lucidly seen in dual models of persuasion: the elaboration likelihood model (ELM) and the heuristic-systematic model (HSM). The models are considered the most important and influential contemporary theories of persuasion. They allow understanding and prediction of what variables affect attitudes and in what general situations they do so. Drawing on cognitive psychology the models propose two routes that may be taken when people process persuasive messages. The central route implies relatively extensive and effortful information-processing activity, aimed at scrutinizing the central merits of the issue. Individuals are likely to use this route when they are motivated to think about an attitude issue and have ability to process the content of a message. In contrast, the peripheral route is used when there is minimal cognitive elaboration of a message, and then non-message factors are largely responsible for any attitude change that occurs. Because of so many links between the concepts of persuasion and attitude change this article provides an extensive overview of the issue of attitudes. Playing a crucial role in our lives attitudes are summary evaluations of an infinite range of things from ourselves and other people, to actions, events and ideas. After presenting their origins, structure and functions it deals with the influence of attitudes on information processing. Finally, the paper focuses on general processes mediating effects of independent variables on attitude change.
Psychopatologiczne przejawy życia religijnego
Krok, Dariusz (Uniwersytet Opolski. Redakcja Wydawnictw Wydziału Teologicznego, 2006)
Religion is consistently considered to be an integral part of human life. The relationship between religiosity and psychopathology has been explored in many ways. The article concentrates on psychopathological symptoms of religious life and tries to investigate which factors are responsible for pathological behaviour in this field. It starts with describing the main methodological issues of abnormal psychology i.e. the concept of pathology and definitions of abnormality. The discussion of the terms “madness” and “insanity” leads us on to those areas of thinking and behaving that appear to deviate from normal modes of functioning. However, deciding what proper and appropriate examples of psychopathology are is not easy. As we noted, someone’s deviating behaviour from accepted norms and patterns does not mean that the person is suffering from a mental or psychiatric illness. Then, the article provides an insight into four major fields of psychopathology of religious life: neurotic concept of God, pathological guilt, religious-moral compulsions and scruples, and relationships between mental illnesses and religious behaviour. Each issue is precisely analysed from a psychological and psychiatric point of view. References to religious aspects of human life are also made. Having researched these areas we come to the conclusion that in most cases individuals showing pathological religious behaviour were insane already and have simply chosen to express their troubles in a religious way, using ideas from their religions, just as other patients may use the latest scientific or technological findings to justify their pathological thinking. Mental health is associated with intrinsic religiosity, but not so much with extrinsic. Surveys of literature find that it might by attributed to a strong impact made by the system of religious beliefs. The conclusions support clinical observations that the primary factor in explaining pathological functioning in religious patients is not their personal religious commitment but their underlying psychopathology.
Religia a funkcjonowanie osobowości człowieka. Studium psychologiczne
Krok, Dariusz (Uniwersytet Opolski. Redakcja Wydawnictw Wydziału Teologicznego, 2005)
The aim of the article is to present relationships between religion and personality traits. Religion is a relation, which is responsive but non-symmetrical, between man and Transcendence. As a vital phenomenon religion is rooted in authoritative spiritual traditions that transcend the person and point to larger realities which the person is embedded. Personality can be regarded as the unique combination of psychological and behavioural characteristics by which each individual can be compared and contrasted with everyone else. Individuals possess particular personality traits to either greater or less extent. As is generally stated, religion has mutual links with personality on the basis of five dimensions: (1) mental needs, (2) values system, (3) emotion and feelings, (4) fear and anxiety, (5) defence mechanisms. There are many associations between functioning of personality and religion. Recent conceptual and empirical developments in psychology of religion point out that spirituality may be viewed as a common ground for analyzing religiosity and personality. Although, religiosity is similar to spirituality the latter concept do not always have a transcendence reference point which allows us to distinguish between them. Evidence is accruing that spirituality may represent an unacknowledged sixth major dimension of personality in addition to the Five Factor Model (FFM). Moreover, correlations between the model traits and religiousness were found that confirms earlier presumptions about mutual relationships in the fields of religion and personality.
Resilience and self-efficacy as supportive resources in accepting a spouse’s cancer. Coping strategies as parallel mediators
Krok, Dariusz; Moroń, Marcin Łukasz; Telka, Ewa (Redakcja Wydawnictw Wydziału Teologicznego Uniwersytetu Opolskiego, 2023)
Associations between resilience, self-efficacy, and coping strategies play an important role in the process of accepting the disease in cancer patients by their spouses. This study aims to examine whether coping strategies act as parallel mediators between resilience, self-efficacy, and the acceptance of the partner’s illness by the spouse. Two hundred and thirty-two people were examined: 106 women (M = 55.36, SD = 14.13) and 126 men (M = 62.15, SD = 11.55). Their ages ranged from 24 to 85 years (M = 59.06, SD = 13.20). Questionnaires measuring resilience, self-efficacy, coping, and illness acceptance were utilized. Correlational and mediational analyses were employed to examine the mediation effects. The findings demonstrated that resilience and self-efficacy were positively correlated with both the overall score of illness acceptance and its three dimensions (satisfaction with life, reconciliation with the disease, and self-distancing from the disease) in spouses of cancer patients. Furthermore, coping strategies were positively associated with illness acceptance. The main result revealed that problem-focused coping and meaning-focused coping served as parallel mediators in the relationship between resilience and self-efficacy with illness acceptance. This suggests that the way in which spouses cope with the stress caused by their partners’ cancer determines the utilization of supportive resources in accepting the partner’s illness.
Rola religijności w procesie radzenia sobie ze stresem. Perspektywa psychologiczna
Krok, Dariusz (Uniwersytet Opolski. Redakcja Wydawnictw Wydziału Teologicznego, 2010)
The article is an attempt to elaborate and analyze effects of religious activities in coping processes. In coming to terms with various traumatic and tragic events, people try to draw on a number of resources which are available in their life. Some of the resources can be related to psychosocial factors, while others can grow out of religion. Several examples of research suggest that religion is more than a simple defensive mechanism. Instead, religion appears to be linked theoretically and empirically to a wide variety of functions in coping that surpass anxiety reduction. Studies also indicate that religion is not generally connected with the blanket denial of the situation, but it encourages individuals to actively face up to difficult situations. The results of studies conducted by K.I. Pargament reveal that religious coping can be helpful or harmful, depending upon the particular type of religious coping strategy employed. In general, religious coping methods can be grouped into two wide overarching categories: positive and negative religious coping. Positive religious coping styles relate to secure relationships with God and a sense of spiritual connectedness with others. They tend to be more beneficial for people who experience stressful events. Negative religious coping styles reveal insecure relationships with God and strains between individuals, and as research indicates they are usually maladaptive. The article presents particular religious coping styles and discusses their psychological outcomes. A very promising area for future research on religious coping is found within a conceptual framework of meaning systems. Meaning is central to human existence, and is imbued both in religion and coping. Religion as a meaning system influences psychological resources when an individual encounters stressful situations. A conceptual model of coping developed by C.L. Park is presented and religion as a meaning system is defined. Drawing on this model, theory and research results reflecting various roles played by religion as a meaning system in the coping process are provided. The article finishes with conclusions summarizing multifaceted relations between religion and coping. Suggestions for future research are also discussed.
Satysfakcja ze związku małżeńskiego a poziom hedonistycznego i eudajmonistycznego dobrostanu psychicznego małżonków
Krok, Dariusz (Redakcja Wydawnictw Wydziału Teologicznego Uniwersytetu Opolskiego, 2015)
The aim of this article is to examine the complex relationships between marital satisfaction and hedonic and eudaimonic well-being of the spouses. Although the overall positive association between marital quality and well-being is well established, several important issues remain unexplored. As the previous research demonstrated, the protective effects of marital satisfaction on well-being were amplified when spouses were satisfied with the marriage, whereas the association was reversed when partners were exposed to conflicts and distortions in communication. In order to verify the hypotheses a hundred and twenty couples were given a set of four questionnaires to assess the level of marital satisfaction, and hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. The results showed that marital satisfaction was positively linked to both hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. However, not all of the dimensions of marital satisfaction were connected with well-being in the same way. Intimacy, self-realization, and similarity showed positive links with both hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, while disappointment had negative associations with well-being measures. Interestingly the relationship between marital satisfaction and eudaimonic well-being was stronger than between marital satisfaction and hedonic well-being. The results revealed that the associations of marriage satisfaction with well-being depend on the particular dimensions of marital interactions and the ways in which well-being is conceptualized.
Spousal support and illness acceptance in breast cancer patients: the mediating function of meaning in life and sense of coherence
Krok, Dariusz; Telka, Ewa (Redakcja Wydawnictw Wydziału Teologicznego Uniwersytetu Opolskiego, 2022)
The explanation as to why married cancer patients are characterised by better adjustment to illness than unmarried patients is not fully understood. This article aims to investigate a parallel mediation effect of meaning in life and sense of coherence in the relationship of spousal support and illness acceptance in breast cancer patients. A total of 213 women were included in this study. The Berlin Social Support Scales, the Personal Meaning Profile, the Sense of Coherence Scale, and the Acceptance of Life with the Disease Scale were used. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and mediation analysis were performed. The results showed significant correlations between spousal support, meaning in life, sense of coherence, and illness acceptance. Except for protective buffering support, meaning in life mediated spousal supports’ effect on illness acceptance. A sense of coherence mediated the relationship of perceived available support, actually received support, and protective buffering support in terms of illness acceptance. Meaning-based resources play a significant role in accepting the detrimental mental and physical consequences of breast cancer. Therefore, practitioners can incorporate these resources into rehabilitation programmes to improve adjustment to cancer.
Sprawozdanie z działalności Wydziału Teologicznego Uniwersytetu Opolskiego w roku akademickim 2007/2008
Krok, Dariusz (Uniwersytet Opolski. Redakcja Wydawnictw Wydziału Teologicznego, 2008)
Sprawozdanie z działalności Wydziału Teologicznego Uniwersytetu Opolskiego w roku akademickim 2009/2010
Krok, Dariusz (Uniwersytet Opolski. Redakcja Wydawnictw Wydziału Teologicznego, 2010)