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Andreas J. Köstenberger – Benjamin L. Merkle – Robert L. Plummer, Going Deeper with New Testament Greek. An Intermediate Study of the Grammar and Syntax of the New Testament (Nashville, Tennessee: B&H Academic 2016). Pp. 550. $49.99. ISBN 978-1-4336-7908-7
Piwowar, Andrzej (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2018)
Ben Sira’s Idea on the Role and Tasks of the Physician in the Process of Healing the Sick (Sir 38:12–15)
Piwowar, Andrzej (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2024)
The last part of Ben Sira’s reflections on the activities of his contemporary physicians and the medicine of the time contained in Sir 38:1–15 is devoted to the attitude of the medical practitioner when healing the sick person (38:12–15). The pericope has aconcentric structure with the attitude of the physicians towards God at its centre (38:13–14). The frame verses are devoted to the attitude of the sick person (38:12) and the sinner (38:15) towards the physician. According to the sage, it is not enough for asuffering person to turn to God alone asking to restore their health (Sir 38:9–11), but they should call on a doctor to help them recover (38:12a). The sick person needs a doctor’s help (38:12b). The Greek text emphasises that one should not be afraid of a doctor because God created them (the Hebrew version omits this argument; see 38:12a). Therefore, physicians are desired by the Lord and, like all creatures, God has also assigned them aspecific task. However, physicians cannot rely solely on their knowledge and skills while healing asick person. They should ask (pray to) God to allow them first to make the correct diagnosis (as explicitly stated in the Hebrew version), and then to heal their patient. The last verse of the pericope (38:15) poses many difficulties, which are reflected in numerous interpretations of its content. According to the analysis made in the article, it does not contain a negative image of a medical practitioner because its main message is the link between the cause of illness and sin (traditional perception of illness expressed in the Old Testament based on the principle of retribution). In Sir 38:12–15, as well as in the entire reflection on the contemporary medicine (38:1–15), Ben Sira made an excellent synthesis between this field of science and Israel’s faith in the divine Physician.
Biblijne pojmowanie prawdy
Piwowar, Andrzej; Chrostowski, Waldemar; Kowalski, Marcin (Stowarzyszenie Biblistów Polskich, 2021)
Christophe Rico – Emmanuel Vicart – Pau Morales – Daniel Martinez, Πόλις. Polis. Parlare il greco antico come una lingua viva (Cinisello Balsamo: Edizioni San Paolo 2010). Ss. 294. €29,50. ISBN 978-88-215-6847-3.
Piwowar, Andrzej (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2016)
Człowiek leniwy na tle wzorów pracowitości (Prz 6,6-11)
Piwowar, Andrzej (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2014)
The article presents the Book of Proverb’s teachings concerning work and laziness. The analysis is based on the pericope of Prov. 6:6-11 which focuses on the juxtaposition of human sloth and animals’ industriousness. The text shows human work in its extremes and expresses the author’s most significant ideas concerning the aspect analyzed here. The article begins with the synthesis of what the didactic books of the Old Testament teach about work, with particular emphasis on the Book of Proverbs. The article then offers an exegetical analysis of the selected pericope, including the Greek text of Prov. 6:8a-c, where the book’s translator mentions another model of diligence alongside the ant, namely the bee. Prov. 26:13-16 is also referred to here, for the text plays a significant role in completing the picture of lazy man.
David L. Mathewson – Elodie Ballantine Emig, Intermediate Greek Grammar. Syntax for Students of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic 2016). Pp. 307. $ 32.99. ISBN 978-08-010-30-727
Piwowar, Andrzej (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2018)
Did Sirach See Himself as a Prophet?
Piwowar, Andrzej (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2022)
Dlaczego Syrach pominął Ezdrasza w Pochwale Ojców (Syr 44–50)?
Piwowar, Andrzej (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2011)
Ben Sira in the Praise of the Fathers (Sir 44:1–50:21) speaks about Nehemiah, but does not mention Ezra. This peculiar omission has elicided a lively discussion concerning the reasons of this silence. The present paper presents the most important exegetical attempts to solve this problem. There are essentially two ways of approach to Ben Sira’s omission: the first one concentrates on the literary and historical motifs, the most important of which questions the historical character of Ezra. The second approach proposes to solve the problem by pointing to some theological motivations that might have caused the omission. One of the proposals sees a different conception of theocracy between the author of Ben Sira and the book of Ezra, where the latter is presented as an officer of Persian authority, and therefore responsible for foreign influence on Israel in Judea. This reason together with a different understanding of priesthood in these two texts have most probably led to the omission of any mention of Ezra in Ben Sira’s book. The ultimate answer to that question, however, must remain hypothetical.
Dwie drogi prowadzące do odnalezienia mądrości według Syracha. Analiza egzegetyczno-teologiczna Syr 51,13-30
Piwowar, Andrzej (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2014)
The article constitutes an analysis of the final pericope of the Book of the Wisdom of Sirach (Sir 51:13-30) in its Greek version. The text can be divided into two parts: in the first one (vv. 13-22) the author relates his personal experience of seeking and finding wisdom, while in the second part (vv. 23-30) he admonishes those who lack education to join his school and partake of the wisdom he himself has found. The wisdom the sage refers to is of a religious character (he asked for it in prayer – vv. 13b, 14a, 19c; it manifests itself in good deeds – v. 19b). Not only does the author make it clear in the first part of the pericope that the vital requirement for finding wisdom is to start early in life (vv. 13a, 15d), but he also explains the ways in which wisdom may be found (a human being should subordinate all spheres of life to finding it – vv. 13b, 14b, 15b, 19a, 21a). The pericope lists the means necessary to find wisdom (namely, purification – v. 20b, following the path of righteousness – v. 15c, striving for goodness – v. 18a, turning to wisdom – v. 20a, complying with the Law – v. 19b, listening – v. 16a, and repentance for the mistakes made – v. 19d) as well as mentions the gifts wisdom grants those who find it (joy – v. 15b, formation – v. 16b, heart, that is intellectual capabilities – v. 20c, language thanks to which one can praise God and share wisdom with others – v. 22a; all of these gifts are called a good possession – v. 21b). The sage emphasizes the fact that finding wisdom is not particularly difficult and does not require a tremendous effort (v. 16a), but searching for wisdom should be a constant part of life for those who wish to have it (they should never stop searching for it – v. 14b). In part two (vv. 23-30), which is of a didactic character, the sage encourages the uneducated to join his school so that he can share wisdom with them. The author admonishes those who – like him – desire wisdom to take advantage of his experience and undergo formation in his school. Sirach presents two ways leading to wisdom. The first one requires personal involvement in searching for it, whilst the second one entails taking possession of wisdom from someone who has already found it. In Sir 51:13-30 the author expresses great optimism concerning the possibility of finding and possessing wisdom. His position is at odds with the pessimism of the Book of Job and the Book of Ecclesiastes in this respect. The pericope under analysis here serves as a summary of the opinions expressed by the sage earlier in his book (cf. especially 6:18-37; 14:20 – 15:10; 24, 33:18-19). Together with Sir 1:1-10 it the frames the whole book and constitutes the recapitulation of the most significant theological aspects of Sirach’s text as well as a synthesis of his theology.
Elisa Chiorrini, Corso di greco biblico. Fonetica, morfologia e note di sintassi (Analecta 93; Milano: Terra Santa 2022). Ss. 543. 39 EUR. ISBN 979-12-5471-133-0
Piwowar, Andrzej (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2023)
Firmament i ciała niebieskie świadkami Boga (Syr 43,1-12)
Piwowar, Andrzej (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2017)
Sir 43:1-12 constitutes the first section of the major part of the hymn celebrating the Creator (42:15–43:33). It is a poetic commentary on the fourth day of creation as depicted in the Book of Genesis (Gen 1:14-19). In his depiction of the firmament, sun, moon, stars and rainbow, Sirach emphasizes their beauty in a manner unparalleled in the whole Bible. This does not serve cosmological aims (the sage’s motive is not the transmission of knowledge about the structure and functioning of the cosmos – celestial bodies) but has clear theological precepts and message. The pericope’s aim is to present and glorify God as the Creator. The firmament, celestial bodies and rainbow are tools through which the sage conveys knowledge of God’s might, greatness, wisdom and beauty. All of these entities derive from God (cf. 43:33) and lead to him. Sir 43:1-12 has a clear polemical character, visible in questioning the beliefs of other cultures and religions – which posited celestial bodies as deities or realities that could exert substantial influence on human beings (astrology) – or of some Jewish groups which did not use lunar calendar.
Funkcje i zadania arcykapłana według księgi Mądrości Syracha
Piwowar, Andrzej (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2010)
Gniew człowieka w Księdze Mądrości Syracha
Piwowar, Andrzej (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2018)
Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie wypowiedzi Księgi Mądrości Syracha na temat gniewu człowieka. Na początku w sposób syntetyczny autor przedstawił nauczanie ksiąg mądrościowych na temat gniewu ludzkiego. Następnie omówił pole semantyczne gniewu w Księdze Mądrości Syracha (słowa pochodzące od rdzeni ὀργ, θυμ i μηνι), koncentrując się na etymologii poszczególnych słów wyrażających gniew (rzeczowników, czasowników oraz przymiotników). W dalszej części artykułu ukazał przyczyny gniewu, o których mówi Syrach, oraz wskazał, kto według mędrca podlega gniewowi. Następnie przedstawił skutki gniewu według Księgi Mądrości Syracha, środki zaradcze, które pozwolą ustrzec się przed wybuchem gniewu, a na końcu wskazał, co należy czynić, aby ustrzec się gniewu ze strony innych ludzi.
Harmonia makrokosmosu w Syrachowym opisie ciał niebieskich (Syr 43,1-10)
Piwowar, Andrzej (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2017)
Syr 42,15–43,33 jest hymnem na cześć Stwórcy i Jego dzieła. Mędrzec wyraża w nim zachwyt nad stworzonym światem, który jest świadectwem wielkości, wszechmocy i piękna Boga. W 43,1-10 Syrach opisuje nieboskłon i ciała niebieskie (słońce, księżyc i gwiazdy). Tekst ten wyraża przede wszystkim ich niezwykłą wielkość i piękno. Jednak gdy wczytamy się dokładnie i wnikniemy głębiej w jego grecką wersję, to odkryjemy, że mówi on również o harmonii i ładzie w makrokosmosie, które z kolei świadczą o mądrości Stwórcy. Prezentacja księżyca (43,6-8) i gwiazd (43,9-10) wyraża wprost (explicite) powyższe prawdy Natomiast w poetyckiej prezentacji firmamentu (43,1) i słońca (43,2-5) zawarte są one implicite, tzn. w znaczeniu takich słów, jak np. stereōma, oraz w zadaniach (funkcjach w świecie) przypisanych im przez Boga.
Jean-Sébastien Rey and Jan Joosten (eds.), The Texts and Versions of the Book of Ben Sira. Transmission and Interpretation (Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism 150; Leiden – Boston: Brill, 2011). Pp. ix, 352. €128 /$175. ISBN 978-90-04 20692-2
Piwowar, Andrzej (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2012)
Jezus zmartwychwstał czy został obdarzony zmartwychwstaniem? Interpretacja nowotestamentalnych form strony biernej czasownika ἐγείρω
Piwowar, Andrzej (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2017)
The article focuses on the interpretation of the passive forms of the verb ἐγείρω used with reference to Jesus’s resurrection. It offers a detailed analysis of the deployment of the word in the Greek text of the New Testament as well as discusses the possibility of interpreting Greek passive forms in a reflexive way. The verb ἐγείρω appears in various contexts and it is analyzed here depending on its meaning in a given context (primarily “to raise” and “to raise someone”). When the verb means “to raise,” it is intransitive, and its passive forms should be interpreted as reflexive. When it refers to resurrection, passive forms may be interpreted in the same way, but since they refer also to other persons apart from Jesus (e.g. John the Baptist), they should be treated as passive. While Jesus – as God – could have raised himself, people could not have done the same on their own – they were raised by God. It is a theological argument, then, that plays a role here. Furthermore, it seems that when used with reference to resurrection, the verb should be treated as transitive (as corroborated by its active forms), which further justifies the interpretation of the passive forms as passive.
La storia testuale del Libro del Siracide
Piwowar, Andrzej (Wydawnictwo Towarzystwa Naukowego Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, 2008)
Jedną z największych trudności związanych ze studium księgi Mądrości Syracha jest sam tekst tejże księgi. Historia jego stanowi, do dnia dzisiejszego, jedną z największych tajemnic i zagadek całego Starego Testamentu. Pierwotnie, jak świadczy prolog do tłumaczenia greckiego, księga została napisana w języku hebrajskim. Jednak przez wiele stuleci tekst dzieła Syracha znany był z tłumaczenia, przede wszystkim greckiego oraz łacińskiego i syryjskiego. W 1896 r. w synagodze Ezdrasza w Kairze zostały odnalezione pierwsze fragmenty hebrajskie Mądrości Syracha. Ich wiarygodność została potwierdzona przez dalsze odkrycia archeologiczne w Masadzie i Qumran. W artykule przedstawiona jest historia powstania i redakcji zarówno tekstu hebrajskiego, jak i greckiego, które występują w podwójnej formie krótkiej (H I i G I) i długiej (H II i G II). Ukazana jest też relacja najstarszych tłumaczeń (łacińskiego i syryjskiego) do wersji hebrajskich i greckich. Po przeanalizowaniu tych skomplikowanych relacji pomiędzy poszczególnymi wersjami tekstu księgi Ben Syracha autor wskazał kilka sugestii przydatnych w krytyce tekstu tej deuterokanonicznej Księgi Starego Testamentu.
Lending and Borrowing in the Teaching of Sirach (Sir 29:1-7)
Piwowar, Andrzej (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2023)
Among the various topics and issues that Ben Sira discusses in his book is the issue of borrowing. The sage covers it in detail and at length in Sir 29:1–7, presenting it not from a financial and economic perspective, but from a sapiential viewpoint, appropriate to the nature of his work. The purpose of this article is to explore Sirach’s teaching on the subject of borrowing and lending of material goods. As a preliminary matter, the issue of borrowing in the setting of the ancient Near East and in biblical Israel is presented in a highly synthetic manner. Next, the boundaries of the literary unit that is the subject of the presented analyses and its structure are defined. In the remainder of the article, the Greek text of Sir 29:1–7 (the Hebrew version of this pericope is not known) is exegetically analyzed drawing on the historical-critical method. The examined literary unit is divided into two main parts. The first is a discussion of the general rules concerning lending and borrowing, i.e. based on the texts of the Torah, the obligation to grant a loan also reminds one of the obligation to return the debt according to the terms agreed upon. The second part of the pericope depicts the difficulties associated with not returning borrowed goods on the part of dishonest borrowers (delay in returning the loan, making excuses, even aggression towards the creditor). Fundamental to the sage’s teaching on the subject of borrowing are the texts of the Pentateuch saying that one should give loans. However, the author is a realist and therefore devotes much of his reflection on the issue to the difficulties involved in returning borrowed goods, with a view to encouraging his disciples to adopt an attitude of prudence and caution lest they suffer the loss of some of their possessions. Yet, despite these risks, he encourages them to support those in need with loans.
Mądrość pośredniczką wzajemnej miłości Boga i człowieka (Syr 4,11-19)
Piwowar, Andrzej (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2013)
Verb agapaō (to love) occurs only 23 times in the Book of Ben Sira (the verb fileō, instead, does not occur even once!). In the instruction of Wisdom in Sir 4:11-19 it appears as many as four times. It does not seem to be accidental. The analysis of the text carried out in the present article shows that Wisdom functions as a mediator between God and humans. It is Wisdom that leads human being to God, and it is through her mediation that humans receive the gifts that they deserve on the basis of their attitude toward Wisdom and toward the Lord. The first part of the examined passage (vv. 12-16; verse 11 constitutes an introduction), shows a refined theological and poetic structure. The verses 12-14 constitute the first section that focuses on the love of Wisdom and God. The second section (vv. 14a-16) focuses on one’s dedication to Wisdom and, through her mediation, to God. The focal point of the analyzed text can be found in v. 14b: “the Lord loves those who love her”. In v. 17 we read about the test, to which Wisdom put her disciples in order to ascertain their faithfulness and dedication. The last two verses reveal the results of this trial: first positives and then negatives. Wisdom in Sir 4:11-19 appears to be a reliable guide on the way to God. It is Wisdom that introduces her disciples into the close relationship with God. She is a Divine Educator, bringing up human beings in order that they could fully meet God and remain in God’s love.
Marność ludzkiego życia w Księdze Koheleta
Piwowar, Andrzej (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2013)
The noun heḇel is the most characteristic term in the whole Book of Ecclesiastes. Because of this word, many people perceive the book as the one which deals primarily with vanity and which posits that everything is futile (cf. 1:2 and 12:8). The present article aims to answer the question posed in its title: Does Qoheleth really claim human life to be futile? The first part of the article comprises the analysis of the noun heḇel in the Old Testament. Subsequently, the word’s usage and meaning in the Book of Ecclesiastes are explored. The fina part of the article analyzes the texts that make use of the word heḇel to speak about human life (namely, 3:19; 6:4-12; 7:15; 9:9; 11:8-10). The interpretation of these texts and the supporting arguments resulting from the analyses conducted by other scholars (e.g. C.L. Seow L. Mazzinghi, K. Bardski, G. Ravasi, A. Bonora, T. Kr i L. Schwienhorst-Schönberger) lead to the conclusion tha Qoheleth does not judge human life as futile. What he claims instead is that human life is brief, transient and passes quickly.