Studia Ełckie, 2012, T. 14

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Akcja antykatolicka w Polsce i jej autorzy (1947-1956)
Sekściński, Bogdan (Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne Adalbertinum, 2012)
The article investigates the persecution of the Catholic Church in the times of Stalinism, when the political power in Poland was largely centralized in the hands of the Communists of Jewish origin, who were sent by Joseph Stalin from Moscow in order to sovietize Poland. The Catholic Church, which had been defending the sovereignty of Poland for centuries, was treated by Communists as a greatest enemy of their objectives. The article shows the ruthlessness of the Communist regime, whose goal was to weaken the role of the Roman Catholic Church, and to liquidate its leading institutions, such as the Catholic University of Lublin. It concisely presents main assumptions of the “anticlerical action” which was authorized by Hilary Minc and Jakub Berman. The paper contains legal reviews which indicate the illegal behavior of security officers in relation to Catholics, in particular to those of juvenile age. It argues that, with fighting against the Catholicism in Poland, the Communists infringed the law established by themselves. The article is a result of the many months inquiry in several archive institutes in Poland.
Perspectivas de la etica civil. Valores democraticos y virtudes civicas
Ferrer, Urbano (Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne Adalbertinum, 2012)
The paper starts with focusing on three forms in which ‘Civil Ethics’ can be considered, according to whether we approach it from the minimum Ethics common to the citizens, or universal rights, or the ethical backbone of civil society. Subsequently, the paper examines historical reasons that account for the imposition of the above mentioned. Which would there be the most suitable one? If civil freedom and equality are to be ethical and metaphysical mainstays of democratic values, the article shows the weakness of the first two approaches. As the third one is concerned, it seems to be fruitful insofar as democratic values are accompanied by civic virtues, which are the only ones that can make them effective. The article is concluded with an analysis of the virtues of responsibility, strength, and prudence with the particular connotation that they have in the realm of public life.
Bigamia w polskim prawie karnym
Charko, Dariusz (Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne Adalbertinum, 2012)
Bigamy is a crime threatening the regularity of family functioning, whose basis, due to the cultural tradition and Polish law, makes monogamy marriage. In his article the author presents the origin of the bigamy crime and its statutory hallmarks. It is shown who, in what circumstances, and with fulfilling which conditions, can commit bigamy crime, as well as the statistic depiction of the crime has been presented.
Plotinus’ Adoption of Aristotle’s Doctrine of Act (energeia)
Hancock, Curtis L. (Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne Adalbertinum, 2012)
Niezrealizowany plan kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w czasie obrad IV sesji soboru watykańskiego II (1965 roku)
Bielawny, Krzysztof (Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne Adalbertinum, 2012)
During the IV Session of the Vatican Council II in 1965 the communist government in Poland did not give permission for organizing the pilgrimages to Rome neither by Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski nor by the Conferences of Polish Episcopate. At that time the government organized few trips for the Roman Catholic priests to the Eternal City. The arrangements of the trips were made by political and social organizations which supported the communist regime. The trips had a purely propaganda purpose. They were to give evidence about the existence of religious freedom in Poland. The priests, in the total number of 242, who were members of pro-government organizations took part in them.
Piractwo somalijskie a polskie prawo karne na przykładzie przestępstwa przejęcia kontroli nad statkiem wodnym
Frąckowiak, Kamil; Jankowski, Piotr (Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne Adalbertinum, 2012)
The authors start with describing the phenomenon of sea piracy, which has historically been present since the beginning of shipping. They also try to distinguish it from the phenomenon of terrorism and the armed seizure of ship, and analyse the Somali piracy by defining its character and presenting its repercussions in international scene. Subsequently, the authors locate the phenomenon of piracy in the Polish law context, and deliver their interpretation of the crime of taking control over the sea vessel in the light of the art. 166 of the Polish Penal Code.
Prawne i etyczne ograniczenia wolności słowa
Mrozek, Jacek (Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne Adalbertinum, 2012)
The article attempts to analyse the legal and ethical limitations of the freedom of speech. (1) The author concentrates on origins of the institution of censorship (ancient Rome, medieval Poland). He points out that in the Kingdom of Poland one could find rescripts, edicts and royal proclamation, which prohibited to import, sell, or read heretical books, under the threats of the confiscation of property, banishment, and even the death penalty. Then the author discusses the issue of censorship in the People’s Republic of Poland (the Law of 31 August 1981). The first part is concluded with the phenomenon of neo-censorship which is a form of self-censorship inside an editorial office toward editorial press materials. (2) The author discusses limitations of the freedom of speech by deontological norms, which are embraced by the IFJ Declaration of Principles on the Conduct of Journalists (FIJ) of 1954, the AJRP Code of Ethics of 1991, EC Resolution 1003 (1993), Media Ethics Charter of 1995, the rules of journalism ethics in Polish Television of 1996, the Journalism Code of Conduct of Polish Media Conference of 2002, the Code of Conduct in the Polish Radio of 2004, the Code of Good Practice for Press Publishers of 2005, and the AJRP Code of Ethics of 2011. (3) At the end the author discusses the ethical code for Internet users (netiquette).
Grundlinien der Ethik von Maximilian Beck
Ferrer, Urbano (Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne Adalbertinum, 2012)
Beck, a member of the Göttingen-Munich phenomenological circle and direct disciple of Alexander Pfänder, defends an acute realism with respect to both physical things and human psychism. The first section analyses consciousness and freedom as features of moral personality. Consciousness is not merely intentional direction to objects but also immediate apprehension of them, whereas the I means the individual enclosed in itself. Analogously, the will can open itself to reality in its concretion through love or it can engage solely in the search for selfish ends. All moral fulfilment reaches this crossroad proper to a realist anthropology. The second section presents an analogous disjunctive in the political sphere: either the democratic will which is guided by the common good or the isolation fostered in the XX century by nationalisms and by the colectiviste State. Choosing the former entails discarding all psychologist (like in Nietzsche) and socioeconomic (proper to Marxism) reductionism and respecting the intrinsic dignity of the person.
The Status of Translation Studies in Contemporary Higher Education: English, Not German, as the Main Language Taught in Translation Studies Programs in Poland
Gilewska, Agnieszka; Staszewska, Aniela (Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne Adalbertinum, 2012)
Before 1989, the main foreign language being taught in Polish schools was Russian, due to the socio-political ties with Moscow. Second and third tier foreign languages were French and German. After the fall of communism, and especially after Poland joined the EU, the demand for English Translational Studies has grown significantly, at the cost of German programs. In this paper, the authoresses try to analyze the cultural foundations for these phenomena.
Developing a Continuum of Experiences for Faith Formation in the Catholic Tradition
O’Shea, Gerard (Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne Adalbertinum, 2012)
This paper summarizes the contribution of Montessori approaches to religious education, both by Maria Montessori herself and by the more recent work of Sofia Cavalletti, Gianna Gobbi and the Catechesis of the Good Shepherd. It is acknowledged that this work has been pursued primarily in an attempt to match religious experiences with developmental sensitive periods. The question remains, however, of how the needs of those who have missed the ideal moment for the various aspects of their religious development can be accommodated. A case is made for seeing the typical stages of human development described by Montessori as a general sequential process for all learning, including religious. Consequently, the sequence of experiences used in the Catechesis of the Good Shepherd might be able to serve the wider purpose of indicating an appropriate sequence for all religious learning. This paper summarizes the contribution of Montessori approaches to religious education, both by Maria Montessori herself and by the more recent work of Sofia Cavalletti, Gianna Gobbi and the Catechesis of the Good Shepherd. It is acknowledged that this work has been pursued primarily in an attempt to match religious experiences with developmental sensitive periods. The question remains, however, of how the needs of those who have missed the ideal moment for the various aspects of their religious development can be accommodated. A case is made for seeing the typical stages of human development described by Montessori as a general sequential process for all learning, including religious. Consequently, the sequence of experiences used in the Catechesis of the Good Shepherd might be able to serve the wider purpose of indicating an appropriate sequence for all religious learning.
Walka o utrzymanie nauczania religii w szkołach w okresie Polski Ludowej
Bober, Sabina (Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne Adalbertinum, 2012)
After the liberation of Poland in 1944-1945 the Polish education system was restored after the pre-war manner. First, the religious education was issued as a subject in the school program. In the course of time, the Communist state government discontinued religious education in the schools, and refused to hire new teachers. In the first half of the 1950s a number of primary and secondary schools remained without religious education. Religious education in schools was reintroduced after the October ‘56 due to agreements between the communist government and the episcopate. The lesson of religion become a facultative subject, and for those students only who demanded it in writing. That situation did not last long, as the Communist authorities targeted to abolish religious education. The secular school system was established by the law in July 1961. The Polish episcopate protested against that state of affairs, but the religion returned to schools only after the fall of communism in 1990.
Wissen und Glaube in Bezug auf die Wahrheit nach dem hl. Thomas von Aquin
Sieńkowski, Marcin (Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne Adalbertinum, 2012)
The considerations provided by this article, based upon the thought of St. Thomas Aquinas, are aimed at responding to the question: what is the role of truth in the relationship between knowledge and faith? Knowledge and faith are these intellectual activities of man which refer to truth. Both knowledge and faith see their goal in knowing truth. The main difference between them is that reason (knowledge) looks for truth in the natural world, while faith goes beyond this world and strives to capture absolute truth. The difference of objects makes the ways of acquiring them different too. The truth of the natural world can be discovered by the innate reason of man. The truth of the supernatural world requires the interaction of reason, will, and grace, which constitute the act of human faith. The starting point of searching for the ultimate truth can be, beside the revelation, the natural truth, which similarly to the natural world requires its own cause. The created truth is caused by the absolute truth which has no cause. The reason, which seeks for the truth in the world, is indispensable also in seeking for the transcendent truth. But to reach the supernatural truth it must exert some higher activities in addition to its faith (vision – visio, and comprehension – comprehensio). If the man has a reason, which is able to know the truth, the truth about himself as well, then, according to St. Thomas Aquinas, to know the ultimate truth is an objective of human intellectual activity. This truth makes that knowledge and faith capture their proper place in the cognitive efforts of man. The knowledge is able to lead him to the faith, and the faith, as an act of his reason, can not exist without knowledge. Therefore, truth that is discovered by reason determine the relation between knowledge and faith.
Some Philosophical Remarks on Educating Genuine Leaders
Tarasiewicz, Paweł (Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne Adalbertinum, 2012)
The author intends to make an appeal for paying closer attention to human nature in educating genuine leaders. His philosophical approach embraces following topics: (1) whether leaders are born with talents and traits that allow, or even cause, them to be successful leaders, or whether effective leadership behaviors can be learned through education and experience; (2) whether the influence exercised by groups or individuals can be considered as a necessary and sufficient factor in explaining leadership; (3) whether leaders lead the followers to achieve the required end for the sake of the end itself, or rather that of those who are to achieve it – in other words, whether the followers exist for the end or the end for the followers. The author concludes that well-educated leaders are those who know not to confuse the ultimate end with particular ones in their own life and in that of others.
Próby interpretacji nauki o grzechu pierworodnym w świetle teorii ewolucji w teologii katolickiej
Stwora, Tomasz (Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne Adalbertinum, 2012)
Attempts of explaining the Catholic doctrine of original sin in the light of the theory of evolution are important in the interdisciplinary dialogue between theology and natural sciences. Solutions, proposed by theologians, can be divided into three main groups. Initially the dominating concepts justified monogenism (Adam as the only origin of humanity), while taking the neutral position towards natural sciences, and basing on conclusions drawn from the doctrinal teaching of the Church and biblical exegesis (e.g. young K. Rahner, L. Scheffczyk). In the 60s of the twentieth century, there were studies which were open to natural sciences and the evolutionary vision of the world. There were attempts of reconciling polygenism (a primary community instead of an individual Adam) with the dogma of original sin, while respecting the indivisible source of the original sin (late K. Rahner, Z. Alszeghy, M. Flick, R. Schwager). Concurrently, there were theological suggestions which under the influence of interdisciplinary dialogue gave up on monogenism, individual sinner, and any first sinful community (P. Teilhard de Chardin).
Zjednoczenie z Bogiem w kontekście ludzkiej grzeszności i możliwość niegrzeszenia w świetle Pierwszego Listu Jana
Adamczyk, Dariusz (Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne Adalbertinum, 2012)
The First Letter of St. John undertakes the problem of the unification with God in the context of human sinfulness. Its author indicates the co-participation with God in the perspective of the antithesis of light and darkness. The reference to the bond with God while committing sins he specifies as abiding in the darkness. The mere fact of being a Christian does not mean the status of unsinfulness. Such a belief is wrong. With undertaking the discussion with the views of the Gnostics John indicates that the real unification with God implies the community of all the faithful. As to the question of possible unsinfulness he underlines that the unification with sinless Christ has an essential significance. The abiding in Christ is a criterion of Godly childhood, and gives strength to resist the temptations.
Sprawozdanie z IX Polskiego Zjazdu Filozoficznego. Gliwice-Katowice-Wisła, 17-21 września 2012 r.
Skowroński, Antoni (Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne Adalbertinum, 2012)
Argumenty przemawiające za bóstwem Jezusa Chrystusa w De Trinitate Hilarego z Poitiers
Jaśkiewicz, Grzegorz (Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne Adalbertinum, 2012)
The article describes the teaching of the first bishop of Poitiers on the divinity of the Son of God from a theological perspective, as described in the Holy Scriptures. His treatise, De Trinitate, has been regarded as the best book which brought calm amidst multiple controversies that arose at the time of the heresy of Arius. St. Hilary underlines that we can testify of God as merely God himself does when teaching that his own Son is begotten and not created. The incarnation of Jesus Christ pays tribute to his divine nature. And He loses nothing with by taking our human nature. Hilary rejects the arguments of Arius, his successors, Sabellius, adoptionism, and Jews. St. Hilary, by his analyses, encourages the faithful to believe more in what is said by the Father and His Son. According to him, the believers can learn the truth about God only from God himself. De Trinitate is a fundamental work against Arianism, and recalls that to obtain eternity one must believe that God raised up his Son Jesus from the dead, and that He himself is the Lord (Rm 10, 6-9).
Przestępstwo pomówienia (zniesławienia) w teorii prawa karnego materialnego
Mrozek, Jacek (Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne Adalbertinum, 2012)
The article attempts to analyze the crime of slander (defamation) referred by the article 212 of the criminal law. At the beginning the author points out the object of protection against slander which embraces the good name of man, group of people, institutions, legal person or individual having no legal subjectivity. The concept of slander functions in everyday language as a synonym of the false accusation, i.e. the deliberate, false, unsupported attribution of specific, offending behaviour, which in fact did not happen. The slander consists in committing the crime of defamation, thus it has a nature of this crime. Secondly, the author analyses concepts concerning: the entity of an action that is prohibited, the signs identifying a result of causative action, the entity of an executive action, the signs of entity party, threats of punishment and penal measures, the confluence of acts and procedures for law enforcement. In the conclusion the author discusses circumstances excluding criminal responsibility for an accused action.
S. Janina Bosko RM, ks. Jacek Maciej Wojtkowski, Dziedzictwo historycznoartystyczne Archidiecezji Warmińskiej. Zabytki ruchome, Olsztyn 2011, ss. 265, ilustracje.
Kobrzeniecka-Sikorska, Grażyna (Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne Adalbertinum, 2012)
„Ewangelia według św. Łukasza” jako dokument historyczny w świetle „Dawnych dziejów Izraela” Józefa Flawiusza
Wojda, Jacek (Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne Adalbertinum, 2012)
The history of Jesus the Nazarene’s life seems to have been provocative for the Roman Catholic Church. In XIX and XX centuries it was marked by many controversies. Thus “The Gospel according to St. Luke” may be recognized as having the great importance in historical debates about the Founder of Christianity. The contribution of this article puts forward a historical approach to the work of St. Luke, which is acclaimed as a worth amid all the writings about Jesus Christ, and the beginning of the Church. The gospel of St. Luke is distinguished by its original and methodical manner of writing, which features its historical character. The author refers to “Antiquities of the Jews” by Flavius Josephus, as this work is devoted to the parallel time to that of Jesus Christ’s life and the beginning of the Christianity. With comparing the lives and works of Luke and Flavius, the historical aspect of “The Gospel according to St. Luke” may be appreciated and shown more clearly.

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