Analecta Cracoviensia, 2012, T. 44

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Miłosierdzie jako synonim zbawienia w Koranie. Refleksje lingwistyczno-teologiczne
Micherdziński, Marek (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2012)
There is the idea of divine mercy in Quran. It is expressed by the words of Arabic vocabulary derivated from the triliteral verbal root رحم rḥm. The fundamental means of expressing the mystery of divine mercy is the ritual formula it`s name Basmalah بسْمِ لِله ا ﺮﻟَّحْﻤَانِِ ا ﺮﻟَّحِﻴمِ bi-smi l-Lāhi r-Raḥmāni r-raḥími – „In the Name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful”. ʼAr-Raḥmānu ( أ ﺮﻟَّحْﻤٰﻦُ ) and ʼAr-Raḥímu ( ا ﺮﻟَّحِﻴمِ ) are two names derived from ʼAr-Raḥmatu ( رَحْﻤَﺔ ) – „the mercy”, but more meanings that pertain to mercy than ʼAr-Raḥímu. This formula means the belonging to a community of Islam believers. Another formula is إنَّ لُله غَ ﻮﻔرٌ رَحِﻴمٌ ʼinna l-Lāhu ġafūrun raḥīmun – „Verily, Allāh his Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful!” (S. V, 34. 39; IX, 9. 99. 102; XLIX, 14; LXXIII, 28) and its modifications. It`s used to confirm the credibility of the truths of faith and the moral norms divinely revealed. The divine revelation in Quran and its realisation in earthly life is signified with the followings pairs of derivatives of root رحم rḥm: هُﺪَﻯ ﻭرَحْﻤَﺔ )ﻭ ) (wa)-hudà wa-raḥmatun – „(and) a guidance and a mercy” (S. VI, 157; VII, 52; XVI, 64; XXVII, 76–77; XXXI, 2– إﻣَاﻡٌ ﻭرَحْﻤَﺔ ,( 3 ʼimāmun wa-raḥmatun – „a guide and a mercy” (S. XLVI, شِﻔاءٌ ﻭرَحْﻤَﺔ , 12 šifāʼun wa-raḥmatun – „a cure and a mercy” (S. XVII, ﻣَغْﻔِﺮَﺓ ﻣِﻦَ لِله ﻭرَحْﻤَﺔ ,( 82 maġfiratun mina l-Lāhi wa-raḥmatun – „forgiveness and mercy from Allāh” (S. III, فضْلُ الِله ﻭرَحْﻤَتُﻪُ ,( 157 faḏlu l-Lāhi wa-raḥmatuhu – „the grace and mercy of Allāh” (S. IV, صَ ﻮﻠَاﺕٌ ﻣِﻦْ رَبِّﻬمْ ﻭرَحْ ﺔﻤ ,( 83 ṣalawātun min rabbihim wa-raḥmatun – „who are blessed from their Lord and receive His mercy” (S. II, 157). Allāh, the Most Merciful, is absolutely independent in giving salvation. It is signified with phrase ﻣَﻦْ ﻳَﺸَاءُ man yašāʼu – „whom He wills” (S. II, 105). Divine mercy is better ( خَﻴْﺮٌ ẖayrun) from all, what man has on earth. Therefore in Quran there are more prayers for divine mercy and to divine mercy. Complementary to words derivated from the root رحم rḥm are the derivatives from the root رأف rʼf. In spite of more similiarity to biblical science about divine mercy, the author of Quran created own divine mercy conception. He throws away all of trinitology, christology, soteriology and staurology.
Irracjonalność legalizacji związków homoseksualnych wobec jedynej i niepowtarzalnej wartości i roli małżeństwa i rodziny
Krzywda, Józef (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2012)
The problem treated in the paper refers to acts of legalization of homosexual partnerships which meets strong opposition not only from the Church but also from all the people who believe that marriage and family, rooted in the natural divine law, assure a proper development of these institutions while constituting the guarantee of the development of individual persons and societies. A common sense rational argument (recta ratio) in favor of respect for natural law, verified in the entire experience of human society by the existence of marriage and family, does not agree with acts of authorizing and legitimizing partnership of persons of the same sex. Rejection of – as John Paul II said – God as the Creator, and thus the rejection of the source of determining that which is good and wrong, stands as the root cause of the contestation of the notion of the “human nature”. Therein lies the essence of the problem of evil. There is then a justified hope that the acts in question will be disapproved and rejected by all who follow rational argument (recta ratio).
Pososhkov’s narrow path
Drozdek, Adam (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2012)
The paper presents Ivan Pososhkov (1652–1726). He was a Russian merchant, an entrepreneur, and a landowner. His major work was titled The Book on Poverty and Wealth (1724, published in 1842). The author’s aim is to show Pososhkov’s thought about the schismatics, Protestants, particularly, the Lutherans, and the clergy. One of the parts is dedicated to Pososhkov’s vision of the place of piety in the personal life. All these parts show Pososhkov as a self-appointed teacher whose intention was the defense of traditional Orthodox faith of the official Orthodox Church.
Charakterystyka statutu Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II w Krakowie
Dyduch, Jan M. (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2012)
Foundation of the Pontifical University of John Paul II on 19 June 2009 required a new statute. It was adopted by the university senate on 23 February 2009 and handed over to Cardinal Zenon Grocholewski, the prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education, on 26 May 2009. After entering the observations of the congregation by the Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, it was approved by the congregation on 2 May 2010. The statute regulates the activity of the entire academic community and its individual faculties. It emphasizes evangelisation tasks of the university, its independence and autonomy to the civil authorities and compatibility of the canonical norms and the regulations of state for the universities.
Psychologiczna koncepcja poszukiwania sacrum w religijności i duchowości
Krok, Dariusz (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2012)
Nowadays, there is a growing interest in the area of psychology of religion as regards religiousness and spirituality. In the past both terms overlapped substantially which was clearly visible in great spiritual traditions of many religions. Recently, however, spirituality has emerged as a distinct construct. Although, religiousness and spirituality have common characteristics they are generally regarded as related but not identical constructs. Both religiousness and spirituality are embedded within the context of “a search for the sacred” which refers to sacrum. The main difference is that religiousness represents the personal or communal search for the sacred that happens within a traditional and institutionalized context, while spirituality is usually understood as a search for the sacred at the level of the individual. The process of “search” entails the attempt to discover significance. People are goal-directed beings who pursue whatever they hold significant in their lives. The search for sacrum lies in the heart of religiousness and spirituality and can be found at multiple level of analysis: psychological, social, physical, and material. There are four main factors that determine the search for sacrum: developmental stage, culture and upbringing, life events, and activity. Their levels specify one’s religiousness and spirituality.
Cyberprzestrzeń i mass media sprzymierzeńcem duchowości?
Misztal, Wojciech (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2012)
The article concerns the relations between the Internet, the mass media and the spirituality. It demonstrates the indicated interactions as the reciprocal, necessary aid advantageous for all these partners, for our civilization, for the single people and for the hole society now and in the future.
Wymiary postawy posłuszeństwa w wybranych kazaniach Fabiana Birkowskiego OP (1566–1636)
Godawa, Marcin (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2012)
Birkowski’s sermons show a deep vision of obedience which constitutes a program of spiritual life with its particular dimensions. Obedience as a man’s response to God’s plan is a way of getting all goods prepared by God and God alone, i.e. an ultimate accomplishment of a human heart. This posture means a crucial point of restoration of harmony of creatures made in relation to Jesus through Him the universe is subordinated to the Father. Christ’s submission embraces fulfilment of the Father’s will which expresses itself in service to people and in undergoing an evil in order to redeem the world. Inside this perspective every follower of Christ has to involve his whole spiritual life in obedience so that the corporal offering is supplemented by an act of free will and reason to turn from subjectivism towards real happiness. A very specific dimension of obedience concerns mystical life in which human ordinary way of cooperation with grace is to be replaced by mystical passivity. Thanks to it man is being nourished with new food of contemplation in a rhythm of progressive gratification. The Birkowski’s apprehension reflects good points of early modern Catholic theology that is an optimistic vision of man and his liaison with grace. This program enables him to shape his spiritual experience in every respect by supplying rules of life and divine power. The complete system formulated by Birkowski can be regarded as an outstanding achievement against the background of Polish early modern spirituality along with Akademia pobożności (Krakow 1628) by the other Dominican Mikołaj Mościcki. Their mystical threads are also an interesting issue at the beginning of the XVII c., which turned out a flourishing period called later A Golden Age of Polish Spirituality.
The Gratitude of the University 615th Academic Year at the Pontifical University of John Paul II in Krakow
Szczurek, Jan D. (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2012)
Przyjaciele Boga (gnostycy) – współdziałającymi w trudzie nabywania cnoty. Przyczynek do aretologii Klemensa Aleksandryjskiego
Zgraja, Brunon (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2012)
Acquiring virtue, understood as a well-ordered personality, is connected with a considerable toil, as follows from the writings of Clement from Alexandria. Its source is to be ascribed, first of all, to the necessity of being true to God’s commandments, but also to overcoming discouragement caused by: the long-lasting process of its acquiring, the conviction of impossibility to achieve it, undertaking yet again the ceased “moral cultivation” or other appropriate actions not infrequently given up under the influence of the opinion of the environment. Therefore, the one who acquires virtue, is supported by a gnostic, a perfect Christian, filled with concern for others, who, thanks to his acquired and constantly perfected virtue, becomes – both, for those who intend undertaking the toil of its acquiring, and those who walk the road of virtue – first of all a guarantor of its achievement, encouraging thereby to acquiring it. While being somehow a witness of virtue, he uses in relation to those who strive for it, credible verbal instructions, thus mobilizing those who are discouraged by the toil of acquiring it, to walk the chosen road of virtue. Besides, he tries to discern the moral and intellectual condition of those who begin to acquire virtue, which has an essential influence on the character of the proposed actions that introduce to its acquiring. What’s more, an expression of that help is an encouragement to follow him, a command and also prayer. However, the help provided this way should be a contribution not so much of the gnostics himself, as of the whole people of God, obliged to holiness on account of the sacrament of baptism.
Antropologiczny wymiar wiary. Spojrzenie Jana Pawła II
Gryz, Krzysztof (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2012)
The article analyzes, on the basis if the private letters of John Paul II, the anthropological dimension of faith which is, for the Pope, the essential good of faith because it reveals the goodness of human nature as rational and free being, able to recognize the trans-phenomenological truth and able to choose in free act the recognized truth. In the act of faith, this human ability is actualized in the most basic and deepest way, because it concerns the absolute reality, that is, the Absolute God. This thesis finds its confirmation in the personal journey of faith enacted by John Paul II. This journey can be summarized in the following points: upbringing in a Christian family, intellectual self-formation and personal search for the truth about the sense of life, reading of the Bible, experience of conformity between faith and personal structure of man, and consciousness of passing away and the hope for everlasting life in unity with God.
Canonical approach to the Year of Faith
Kroczek, Piotr (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2012)
The article offers a demonstration of the correlation between faith and church law in the catholic perspective. The author stands on the position that faith is of essence for law understood as a phenomenon and as regulations that play an active role in the life of community of believers. It is because faith is a factor in the processes of drafting law, interpreting law, and implementing law. The conclusion is that in the study of church law more attention should be paid to faith especially during the Year of faith.
Ksiądz profesor dr Aleksander Usowicz CM. Wspomnienia
Kubiś, Adam (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2012)
The paper presents the personality and the scientific record of Rev. prof. Aleksander Usowicz CM. He was an acknowledged representative of the neo-Scholasticism, the main philosophical movement in the mid 50 of 20th c. at the Theological Faculty of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow. In fact, scientific interest of Usowicz went beyond the field of philosophy. He was also interested in theology. Among many lecturers he delivered, the most important was one about the introduction to theology. Its aim was to provide students with the basics of the history of theological thought. It must be remembered that Usowicz was a reviewer of the habilitation work of Fr. Karol Wojtyła. He was also a tutor and scientific supervisor of many later professors of philosophy and theology.
The allegorical sense of Gregory the Great’s commentary on the Song of Songs
Kasprzak, Dariusz (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2012)
Gregory the Great in his “Expositio in Canticis Canticorum”, created between the years 594 or 595 and 598, ends the patristic tradition of allegorical commentaries on Sg. We are not in the possession of the complete text of Gregory’s commentary, as the text of the Pope’s interpretations finishes at Sg 1 : 8. The text of the commentary as we have it at present shows some signs of a revision made by Gregory I himself and has features characteristic of the original oral version of the text. The comparative study of Origen’s and Gregory’s commentaries shows that Pope Gregory I was familiar with Origen’s homilies and commentary on Sg and used his writings while working on his own text, but only sparingly. Gregory I undoubtedly took from Origen the general approach, some phrases, and at times the way in which exegesis of a certain extract was executed. Gregory discussed the biblical text in accordance with the principles of intellectual, parenetic and pastoral interpretation. The primary interest of the Pope was to extract the spiritual-mystical meaning of the text, and the allegorical interpretation is supposed to help man read the biblical text so that he can love God and follow Him. The allegorical reading of Sg, and actually of the whole Bible as well, should consequently kindle the love of God in man and fill him with thoughts of God. Gregory I recommends a spiritual-ascetic reading of the Bible: the reader is supposed to change his habits for the better, be able to alienate himself ascetically from the surrounding world, and in this way acquire contemplation of Godly matters.
Średniowieczna retoryka jako czynnik kształtujący sztuki plastyczne. Przegląd podstawowych problemów
Tabor, Dariusz (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2012)
In the Middle Age the rhetoric was one of the seven liberal arts. Its position in the medieval culture Has been confirmed by Cassiodor, Isidor of Sevilla, Augustin of Hippona and Martianus Capella. The medieval rhetoric was composedof five parts: inventio (invention), dispositio (disposition), elucutio (elocution), memoria (memory) and pronuntiatio (pronuntiation). Only three of them exertet real influence on the fine arts. Inventio controlled the proces of choice of the ideas, which have benn represented by images in work of arts. Dispositio collocated the images in the whole structure of work of art. Elocutio applicated some rhetorical figure in order to communicate some massages throughout the images. In the Middle Ages existed two sources, which inspired the mediewal rhetoric. The fitst Skurce was the ancien, greek and roman rhetoric, the second – the semitic, biblical rhetoric. In the Bible exist two important literary and rhetorical structures – the parallelism and the centripetal construction. These structures influenced some models of composition of narrative cycles and series of images. Rhetor – a hypothetical personage, educated in trivium and quatrivium and expert in the rhetoric, played important role in the mediewal culture. He collaborated with artist and he applicated the rhetorical methods and rhetorical figure in the creation of works of art.
Kara śmierci w przekazie Talmudu Babilońskiego
Łabuda, Piotr (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2012)
When reading the Babylonian Talmud it has to be noted that it gives a fragmentary account of the capital punishment. However, the Talmud indicates who, for what and in what way should be condemned. The Talmud’s account of Jesus’ death is even shorter. It is not only pure fiction but is also a result of the authors’ deliberate action. The description of b. Sanh 43a, in a particular way, shows the clear goal – to discredit Jesus. What is written about Jesus’ death in the Talmud can be explained as personal and peculiar Jewish interpretation based on clearly defined intentions.
Wpływ kryzysu Kościoła powszechnego na społeczeństwo polskie w pierwszej połowie XV wieku. Wybrane zagadnienia
Graff, Tomasz (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2012)
The author, on the basis of chosen examples, discusses the influence of the crisis in the Universal Church in the 15th century on the conduct of the inhabitants of the Polish Kingdom. A particular emphasis was put on the analysis of the period of so called the Schism of Basel between 1439 and 1449, nevertheless, the period of Pisa and Constance Councils have not been omitted. The author does not only focus on the conduct and attitudes of secular and church elites but also tries to investigate how the religious condition in the Universal Church affected common subjects of Polish monarchs. The author uses examples from the life of townspeople and various monastic communities or religious orders. He extensively elaborates on pardons granted by councils, popes, cardinals and bishops. The author also emphasises the difficulties in interpreting some source documents. The documents dating from the time of the Council of Basel have been subjected to closest scrutiny. The issue so far has not been extensively discussed in subject literature, which motivated the author to try and get some insight into the problem. This is why in effect, only the most interesting aspects for the author have been reflected in the work. Undoubtedly they require further analysis and research especially including manuscript sources.
Structure of man in the biblical act of Creation
Tatar, Marek (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2012)
The question about man, his origin, structure, place, and role in the world, relation to others and his ultimate goal, belongs to fundamental categories. In his pursuits, man constantly tries to find the right answer to this important question. The basis of this analysis forms the structure of man resulting from the act of creation as described in the Bible. In the Old Testament we have two texts about the proctology of man: Yahwistic (Gen 2, 4b–24) and Elohistic (Gen 1, 26–28). Both Angelo Scola and Luis F. Ladaria see the ultimate structural view of humankind in the person of Jesus Christ. That is why the Old Testament texts concerning creation are fully implemented in the mystery of Incarnation and Redemption. The name “a human” itself there is a claim about the greatness of his nature (cataphasis). Observation and experience indicate also his limitations (apophasis). Therefore, it can be stated that in the human nature there must be integrity (henozis) in this respect constituting the basis of his whole humanity. Biblical texts indicate that man is aware of his dependence on God, simultaneously however, he makes an attempt of self – determination which is a kind of self–creation. The relationship with God has its source in the external experience (man listens to God, expresses his needs and hides from Him) and, at the same time, goes beyond human rationality and volition. It is an invitation to the trinitarian communion of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. The community of the Holy Trinity is at the same time the community of man. The creatio of man as male and female highlights one more important structural and subjective element, that is, a relationship with others which constitutes the foundation for a community of people. Jesus Christ is the way towards this union, as its cause, model and aim. In the mystery of His Person we discover the “image and likeness”, because He is the personification of full and perfect humanity. Therefore, the whole Christian spirituality must be Christocentric and at the same time Christoformic. The attempts to define man in his essence play a crucial role in the present world affected by subjectivity, individualism, hedonism and horisontalism.
The contribution of prof. Tadeusz Lewicki (1906–1992) to Islamic and West African studies
Kościelniak, Krzysztof (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2012)
Prof. Tadeusz Lewicki (the member Académie des Sciences d’Outre-Mer, Association Internationale d’Études des Civilisations Méditerranéennes, Royal Asiatic Society) was not only one of the most famous scholars of Oriental studies in Poland 20th century but also one of the top experts on the history of the Ibadites. For example, he has gathered exhaustively all the references to Ibadites and placed with a certain amount of commentary of his own (Études ibadites nord-africaines, part 1. Warsaw 1955). He has studied and published Arabic sources (mostly Ibāḍī) on the history of the Ibadites and of the Slavic peoples and cataloged eighth- and ninth-century Arab coins found on Polish territory (Arabic External Sources for the History of Africa to the South of Sahara, Wrocław 1969; Polska i kraje sąsiednie w świetle “Księgi Rogera” geografa arabskiego z XII w. al-Idrīsī’ego, parts 1–2. Warsaw, 1945–54; Źródła arabskie do dziejów słowiańszczyzny, vols. 1–2. Wrocław 1956–69). Professor Tadeusz Lewicki attempts to reconstruct also the economic base of West African society between the 10th and 16th centuries (West African Food in the Middle Ages: According to Arabic Sources, London 1974). His basic sources are 15 Arab authors, all of whom noted the diet of the countries they described. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review and critical analysis of Lewicki’s researches and answer which of his interpretations and philological speculations still have found acceptance. This paper also respect to how Lewicki supports, extends, and qualifies the previous literature on West African, Islamic and Ibadites study, and how gives directions for future research.
Za Boskim Oblubieńcem. Teologiczno-liturgiczny sens dziewictwa konsekrowanego
Królikowski, Janusz (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2012)
The article deals with the subject of searching the nature of the consecrated virginity in the Church. This analysis is based on the theological and liturgical aspects defined by “Ordo Consecrationis Virginum” and “Ordo Professionis Religiosae”. Therefore we take the assumption that the most appropriate criterion of its interpretation in the Christian reality can be found in the principle: lex orandi – lex credendi. From this perspective the consecrated virginity is perceived as positive reality as far as faith celebration is concerned. The liturgy describes virginity as a gift offered to man by God’s people. Faith is also a prize and through the liturgy it is able reach its highest point. Virginity glorified in the Christian reality becomes a present as well as it is not only connected with but also filled with faith. Virginity consecrated under liturgical circumstances gains both ontological and dynamic features typical of worship. This sequentially allows to understand that virginity is not simply the result of ascetic effort, nor it is the physical adornment of a believer. In fact it spreads on the whole person who is being revived by sacraments. It makes them improve by personal commitment marking their route through the history of salvation.
Oblicza dialogu wychowawczego w świetle adhortacji apostolskiej „Familiaris consortio” a wychowanie w rodzinie
Kądziołka, Władysław (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2012)
This article is concentrated on educational dialogue which is one of the most important thing for upbringing in family. Young people need to speak with their parents about everything without communicational barriers because it is the only one guarantee that they will have good contacts with other people. Sexual education in family should not be a theme taboo. Parents ought to be no forbidden subject in family. They should bring up their children in religious atmosphere because in this model they will know both advantages and disadvantages of taking some decisions which should be responsible. Parents should speak with their children especially about spiritual values which are very often omit in everyday life on benefit safe and trite conversations. Family has got special apostolic mission. It must have been the first and vital cell of society. In this way, it must have been a home sanctuary of the Church, too. John Paul II was talking many times that family is the first place where kids can teach a suitable procedure and correct communication which have influence on their life in the future. Despite of being a crisis of educational patterns, parents have to remember that both of them have got their own educational tasks to create of proper educational atmosphere in family.

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