Verbum Vitae, 2024, T. 42, nr 4

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“The Apostle of the Apostles,” Prostitute or Penitent? A Typology of Mary Magdalene in the Homilies of Gregory the Great
Jóźwiak, Magdalena (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2024)
Mary Magdalene, who is mentioned on the pages of the Gospels twelve times, is regarded as one of the most famous and stirring strong emotions women of the New Testament. In some religious circles to this day, one can still hear claims that Mary of Magdala was a prostitute. Others argue that Magdalene is the “Apostle of the Apostles” (Apostola Apostolorum) because she was the first person to bear witness to the risen Lord (e.g. Hippolytus of Rome, Jerome of Stridon). Pope Gregory the Great, on the other hand, combined three evangelical women into one figure in his two homilies: the nameless sinful woman (cf. Luke 7:37), Mary Magdalene (cf. Luke 8:2), and Mary mentioned in John 20:11 – into a single figure. Thus, Mary of Magdala was regarded as a prostitute. Gregory the Great’s theory became prevalent in Western Christianity over the next fifteen centuries. This paper aims to analyse homilies XXV and XXXIII by Gregory the Great and attempt to address the question of whether, for the popecommentator, Mary Magdalene is exclusively and mainly a symbol of the “convert prostitute?”. This paper adopted the philological method. It concludes that perhaps the pope himself would have been astonished that for so many centuries, the most enduring legacy of his two aforementioned homilies is the image of Magdalene as a “convert prostitute” rather than the moral teaching he wanted to convey. After all, the commentator also juxtaposed Magdalene with the Shulamite from the Song of Songs, Eve, Simon the Pharisee, Peter, Zacchaeus and Dismas, and saw in her a “type” of a Christian of every era.
Ephod – What Was It and What Was Its Use? A Question About the Potential Way Forward in the Development of Its Role in the Old Testament Texts
Lemański, Janusz (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2024)
In biblical texts, ephod appears most often as part of priestly garb. In the statements of nonpriestly authors (before the Babylonian Exile), the linen ephod symbolizes priestly ministry in general. Sometimes, it is also regarded as an object of illicit worship (a practice condemned by the Deuteronomist) or an instrument necessary for divination practices (a symbol of priestly ministry). In these cases, the verb used indicates not so much a garment as an object. For the post-exile priestly authors, the richly woven and decorated ephod is henceforth exclusively part of the high priestly garb. This change in the role of the ephod represents the only discernible path of “evolution” in the use of ephod in the Hebrew Bible. One can only speculate about its possible earlier uses, such as garment put on statues of deities, based on the suggested (Akkadian, Ugaritic; cf. Isa 30:22) etymology of the word.
The Formula “come, see” in the Palestinian Targums
Mazurek, Tomasz (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2024)
The article examines the expression “come, see,” which appears three times in non-translation passages of the Palestinian Targums (Gen 22:10; 28:12; Num 21:6). This technical phrase is rarely used in the Hebrew Bible, where it occurs only once (Ps 66:5). The paper aims to closely analyze the three instances of “come, see” in the Palestinian Targums to determine its meaning and literary function within the text. The focus is on the non-translation passages in the Palestinian Targums because these expansions of the sacred text reveal the theology of the targumists.
“Interpretation” in RIBLA: A Multifaceted Meaning
Ramírez, Hernán Cardona (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2024)
This article analyses the evolution and meaning of “Interpretation” in the journal Revista de Interpretación Bíblica Latinoamericana (RIBLA [Latin American Journal of Biblical Interpretation]) from its inception in 1988 up to 2023, with a focus on the period 2012–2023. Launched in Costa Rica in 1988, RIBLA reflects the faith experiences and struggles of Latin American communities and churches from the popular Reading of the Bible in Latin America and the hermeneutics of liberation. In its early days, RIBLA focused on biblical hermeneutics as the interpretation of the text in its historic context in relation to the life of the Ecclesial Base Communities (BECs) of the continent. In the years 1988–2011, it emphasised a liberationist interpretation of the Bible, with a focus on Indigenous communities. The dialogue between Revelation in indigenous religions and Revelation in traditional religions is important, as is the figure of Paul in the theology of liberation. Between 2012 and 2023, RIBLA restates the importance of biblical narratives in collaborative interpretations. In short, “interpretation” in RIBLA is seen as fundamental to confront the challenges of Latin America and the world. With a constant commitment to the Word of God, contextualised liberation and a dialogue between hermeneutics and hermeneutics of liberation, the journal offers an “unfinished” interpretation that is “open” to new considerations, as a beacon of critical reflection in the midst of historic crises.
Maciej Raczyński-Rożek. Dwie ręce Ojca. Chrystologia Ducha w ujęciu Hansa Ursa von Balthasara i Sergiusza Bułgakowa (Myśl Teologiczna 116. Kraków: WAM, 2024). Ss. 524. 62,90 PLN. ISBN 978-83-277-3909-4
Dobrzeniecki, Marek (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2024)
The Theological Foundations of Matylda Getter’s (1870–1968) Humanitarian Activities in the Face of Life-Threatening Situations
Pryba, Andrzej; Waluś, Monika (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2024)
The article aims to present the theological foundations of the life and activities of Mother Matylda Getter, a Franciscan sister of the Family of Mary, superior of the Warsaw province, engaged throughout her life in the care, upbringing, and education of abandoned children and orphans, and then cooperating particularly sacrificially during the German occupation in saving endangered Jewish children. The authors of the article posed the question of the reasons for the unusual attitude of Mother Getter, who, as a distinguished long-term superior of a religious province, was not required to take such risky actions during the war. The following analysis shows that this was possible because of a deep commitment to a personal relationship with the Master of Nazareth and openness to the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, as well as the long-standing cooperation of many people adhering to a shared spirituality and monastic rule.
Janusz Nagórny’s Interpretation of the Personalistic Category of Participation and Its Implementation in the Theological-Moral Reflection on Social Life
Zadykowicz, Tadeusz (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2024)
Moral theology, like any science, develops not only through the addition of new concepts but also through the explanation of phenomena with increasing accuracy and depth by applying adequate tools and methods, which can and should be improved. In describing the essence of social life and morally evaluating social attitudes, such a tool is provided by the personalistic category of participation. This category – extensively discussed by Karol Wojtyła in his book The Acting Person – was originally interpreted and applied to the theological-moral reflection on social life by Fr. Janusz Nagórny (1950–2006) – moral theologian from the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin. What was his contribution to this implementation? What rendered his understanding of participation so original? What were the methodological and substantive consequences of such a reception? To answer these questions, the author analyses Nagórny’s publications, including those which so far – mainly due to their popular science and popularising character – have not been the subject of more in-depth study. The analysis presented here leads to the conclusion that Nagórny lent a theological character to a philosophical category by its biblification and, in such an interpretation, he applied it to detailed areas of social life. Furthermore, the use of elements of the historical method justifies the thesis that he was the initiator of this type of implementation and contributed to making it popular in Polish moral theology.
The Ontology of Sponsality in Karol Wojtyła’s Thought: The Relationship to Which We Are Called
Formenton, Giovani Domiciano; Duran, José Rafael Solano; Fernandes, Marcio Luiz (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2024)
This article presents a teleological perspective on spousal love, exploring Wojtyła’s thoughts on sponsality as the divine plan for human love. The investigation is important because spousal love is presented in the Bible and in Christian mysticism as an analogy for God’s love and for the eschatological mystery. It is also necessary considering the social impact of family experiences on issues such as mental health, parenthood, criminality, and antisocial behavior. This bibliographical research is based on Wojtyła’s Love and Responsibility and The Catecheses on Human Love in the Divine Plan. It is divided into four sections: the human person as a relational being, biblical texts about spousal love, Wojtyła’s teaching on this category, and the teleological aspects observed in this teaching. Our findings indicate that for Wojtyła, spousal love is the teleological reality of the human person, supported by three main aspects. (1) According to Wojtyła’s personalistic thought, God must be understandable when inviting a person to a definitive relationship. The Bible uses spousal relationship to indicate God’s definitive alliance. (2) Wojtyła understands spousal love as the original sacrament of trinitarian relation. He states that the human person is the image and likeness of God because it was created as man and woman. (3) Spousal love is a total gift of self that leads the person to blessedness and fulfillment. It is the only way to imitate Christ in his kenosis.
The Synodal Method in Building Marital and Family Community
Borowski, Łukasz; Lipiec, Dariusz (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2024)
The aim of the article is to present the use of synodal method in building the family community. The method was developed for the use of the Synod about the synodality, initiated in 2021 in the Catholic Church. Documents of the church indicate the need for using the method within the universal Church as well as the local Churches. However, due to the fact that a Christian family is also a domestic Church, the method can also be used in building the marital-family community. The research conducted for the use of this article was based mainly on the documents of the Catholic Church devoted to the synod on synodality. They became the source of the undertaken analyses. The authors also used the elaborations regarding the research problem and the marriage and family issues. The aim of the article and the nature of the source materials suggest the use of the adapted research methods. The leading method was the monographic method in some of its dimensions. Moreover, the other research methods include: descriptive method, the method of the analysis of documents and the analysis of the contents. The article consists of three parts. The first part presents the novelty and characteristics of the synodal method. The second part was devoted to the applicability of the method in building the community of marriage and the third part was devoted to the applicability of the method in deepening the bond between parents and their children.
Conception of Mary According to Nicolaus Biceps OP in the Context of the Dominican Education System
Kochaniewicz, Bogusław; Łoza, Agnieszka; Zega, Włodzimierz (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2024)
The aim of the article is to present the interpretation of the conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary contained in the commentary on the Sentences by Nicolaus Biceps in the context of the educational system of the Dominican Order. The specified research goal was achieved in the following way. First, the system of intellectual formation in the Dominican Order was analysed based on the resolutions of the general chapters, and then the relevant contained in the 14th-century work was presented. This allowed us to capture the position of the Czech Dominican, his method of argumentation, the sources on which he based his reflection, as well as the theological problems he had to face when commenting on the issue of the conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary at the University of Prague. Finally, this approach allowed us to find an answer to the question to what extent the Dominican educational system influenced the interpretation of the conception of Mary by medieval Dominican theologians and the consolidation of their negative position towards the Immaculate Conception of Mary.
Recognising the Risen Lord Through Scriptures: The Apostle Paul as an Ideal Match for the Two Disciples on the Way to Emmaus in Luke 24:13–35
Sciberras, Paul (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2024)
In the concluding chapter of his gospel, Luke culminates the “Journey to Jerusalem” with Jesus accompanying his followers on a journey not defined by geographical or chronological elements, but rather one immersed in discipleship. In the sequel to that journey to Jerusalem, the one to Emmaus, Jesus accompanies two disciples: Cleopas and an intentionally undisclosed follower (see 24:13, 18). The end of this journey, emblematic of faith in the suffering, crucified and risen Lord reaches its zenith in the two disciples recognising Jesus in the breaking of the bread. The moment Jesus disappears from their sight (24:31) elicits a reaction demonstrating the potentiality of discerning the Risen Lord even in the “opening of the Scriptures” (24:32). This study endeavours to analyse the recognition of Jesus the Lord in the specific mystery of his death and resurrection through the opening of Scriptures as exemplified by the Apostle to the Gentiles. In this vein, Paul emerges as a speculative yet paradigmatic correlate to the unnamed second disciple. Similar to the disciples on the road to Emmaus, Paul too travelled the journey of recognising the Risen Lord, transitioning from a zealous persecutor of the adherents of Jesus of Nazareth and his message (see Acts 9:1–4; 22:7; 1 Cor 15:9), which had a decisive and definitive turn in the Christophany on the Road to Damascus (Acts 9; 22; 26), to an apostle in complete acknowledgement of Jesus as “Lord” (see Acts 9:5; Phil 2:11; Rom 10:12), and even to a believer “who has been crucified with Christ” (see Gal 2:19). Analogously to the two disciples, Paul too went through the same developmental milestones as the two disciples, with Jesus, as it were, walking alongside him, elucidating the Scriptures – from perceiving Jesus as “the accursed crucified criminal” (see Deut 21:22–23) to affirming “Jesus is alive” (1 Cor 15:17–28) and proclaiming that “every knee shall bow and every tongue confess that ‘Jesus Christ is Lord’” (Kyrios Iēsous Christòs)” (Phil 2:11). This trajectory renders conceivable for all adherents to Jesus of all times the possibility to decipher the scriptural depictions of the Lord articulated by Moses, the Prophets, and the Scriptures (Luke 24:27, 44).
Inclusion of People with Disability in the Church Community Life in the Perspective of Disabled Individuals: The Role of the Priest
Zielińska-Król, Katarzyna; Szot, Leon (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2024)
The physical presence of people with disability in the extent of the parish community is based on two main components: (I) activities undertaken by a priest to organize religious life, including those for people with disability, and (II) activities undertaken by people with disability within the parish community. The aim of the article is to answer the question: What is the importance of a priest in the context of the presence of people with disability in the church community? The empirical article is based on results of the nationwide qualitative research that was conducted among people with disabilities (using the FGI group interview; targeted group selection; the participants of the study were people with physical disabilities, deaf and hearing impaired, blind and visually impaired, and people with intellectual disabilities). The analysis of the data obtained allows us to put forward the thesis that the inclusion of people with disability in parish life is a consequence of a close, personal relationship with a priest who has at least basic knowledge of the physical, mental, and sometimes also intellectual capabilities of a faithful person with disability. The results obtained may constitute a contribution to pastoral discernment regarding the factors influencing the presence of people with disability in the Church community.
Conceptio Mariae or Sanctificatio Mariae? Peregrine of Opole’s Relations with the Dominican Studium Generale in Bologna
Kochaniewicz, Bogusław; Kiejkowski, Paweł (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2024)
This study aims to elucidate the connection between Peregrine of Opole, a Polish Dominican active at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries, and the studium generale in Bologna through an analysis of his sermons. The focus is on the concept of the sanctification of Mary (sanctificatio Mariae), which appears in both Peregrine’s sermons and the writings of Bologna Dominicans such as Bombolognus of Bologna and Jacopo da Varazze. By comparing interpretations of this concept, the study identifies significant similarities that suggest Peregrine of Opole likely completed his theological studies at the Dominican studium generale in Bologna during the late 13th century.
John S. Bergsma and Jeffrey L. Morrow, Murmuring Against Moses: The Contentious History and Contested Future of Pentateuchal Studies (Steubenville, OH: Emmaus Academic, 2023). Pp. 308. 39,95 USD. ISBN: 978-1-64585-149-3 (hardcover), 978-1-64585-150-9 (paperback), 978-1-64585–151-6 (e-book)
Lemański, Janusz (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2024)
“Bind him hand and foot, and throw him into…”. Dependence of Matt 22:13 on Plato’s Euthyphro 4c?
Kozłowski, Jan M. (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2024)
There is a striking similarity, both in form and content, between Matt 22:13, where the king punishes the invited guest for lacking a “wedding robe,” and Plato’s Euthyphro 4c, where Euthyphro’s father punishes the hired laborer for murder. The most probable explanation for these similarities is that Matt 22:13 reflects an echo of Plato’s text.
The Theological-Spiritual Sense of the Principle and Foundation at the Different Stages of the Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius of Loyola
Królikowski, Wacław (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2024)
The Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius of Loyola have been famous in the Church for almost five centuries for their extraordinary effectiveness in building and deepening one’s relationship with God. This effectiveness is attributable not so much to their content, which is related to the fundamental truths of the faith of the Catholic Church and to the contemplation of the mysteries of the life of Jesus Christ, as to their precise method. The author of the Spiritual Exercises, by adapting their content to the exercitant, helps them to open themselves more and more to the action of the Lord God and to cooperate with him, so that he may ultimately love him in everything and serve his Divine Majesty. This final chord of man’s spiritual union with God is already present, as it were, in embryo in the first exercise of the Ignatian retreat, in the so-called Principle and Foundation (Principio y Fundamento). This exercise, commonly known as the Foundation, is, as it were, the root of the whole tree of spiritual development contained in the Spiritual Exercises. This is because the content of the Principle and Foundation develops and deepens more and more during the different stages of the Spiritual Exercises. The purpose of this article is to analyze scientifically the content of the Principle and Foundation and to show the theological-spiritual sense of the Principle and Foundation in the different stages of the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola. The text uses the method of analysis of the source texts and the literature on the subject, as well as the hermeneutical method, and shows that the synthesis of the spiritual life contained in the Ignatian Principle and Foundation continually develops and reaches its culmination in the last spiritual exercise of the Ignatian retreat – in the so-called “Contemplation to attain the love of God” (Ad amorem). In conclusion, it is shown that the content of the Principle and Foundation constitutes the foundations of the spiritual life, which, on the path of development, leads the exercitant to be able to “in all things love and serve the Divine Majesty.” (SE 233).

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