Studia Bydgoskie, 2010, Tom 4

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Obecność i znaczenie żydowskich pism świętych w Nowym Testamencie na przykładzie targumów palestyńskich
Chrostowski, Marcin (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2010)
The article aims to reveal connections between the Aramaic Targums and the scripts of the New Testament. In order to notice the links, we should remember that Christianity has its sources in Judaism. Without realizing this, a correct and proper exegesis of the New Testament would not be possible. The so – called Palestinian Targum is the source of many pericopes from the New Testament, e.g. the Jamnes and Jambres tradition in 2 Tim 3:8; Such pericopes were analyzed as well: the fragment of 1 Cor 10:4 (the spiritual rock tradition); and Jn 4:15 (conversation with the Samaritan woman); I Pet. 1:12 (things into which angels long to look); Ephes 4:22-25 (put off your old nature), etc. These pericopes were explained in the light of Targums to Genesis, preserved e.g. in the Targum Pseudo – Jonathan ben ‘Uzziel, which was well described by J.W. Etheridge and M. McNamara. Generally, the Targums should be understood as a very early material which might illuminate the New Testament, but they do not predate it.
Ekonomia i rynek w służbie człowieka. Kilka uwaga o wizji współczesnej ekonomii w encyklice Caritas in veritate papieża Benedykta XVI
Sowiński, Sławomir (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2010)
Benedict XVI’s encyclical Caritas in Veritate does not discuss the western economic crisis which began in 2008, but offers a deep insight into globalization and its economic, social and moral consequences. The encyclical presents traditional elements of the Church’s social doctrine on economy such as fundamental and conditional approval of free market principles; belief in the restricted role of the state in economy; and stress on the moral and anthropological character of economic and social life. New elements of the Church’s doctrine that can be found in the document include a call for the development of non-profit economy as a space where the principles of love and disinterestedness can be put into practice; a demonstration of the role of citizen society as an antidote to the hegemony of the state and free market; and a presentation of globalization as a new “social issue”. It appears that the main mistake that can possibly be made while reading the encyclical, specifically when trying to implement its guidelines is the temptation to identify it with the ideology of the so-called third way.
Vanitas w sztuce nowożytnej
Sprutta, Justyna (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2010)
The motifs of vanitas were already used in ancient art, but they gained the greatest popularity only in the 17th and 18th centuries. Secular and sepulchral art abounds in various motifs of this kind, for example in the shape of human skulls, dying candles, musical instruments, soap-bubbles, damaged books, ruins, dead trees, shells or official emblems like the papal tiara, the episcopal or ducal mitre, the crown or the turban. All those motifs of vanitas symbolise vanity and the passage of time as well as convey the message memento mori – remember your mortality.
Mieczysław Jagłowski, María Zambrano: anamneza i filozofia poetyckiego zbawienia, Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Toruń 2009, ss. 255
Grabowski, Rafał (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2010)
Prowadząc ku pełni człowieczeństwa. Wokół antropologiczno-aksjologicznych podstaw pedagogiki
Meliński, Tomasz (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2010)
The article intends to contribute to the ongoing discussion on relations between human philosophy and pedagogy. In the context of the numerous problems that educators encounter in their work, it is becoming increasingly difficult to identify and eliminate detrimental ideological influences, which are also rapidly spreading in pedagogy. Due to excessive significance attached to the pragmatic aspect of upbringing, those influences disregard theory as the basis for practice. The aim of this article is to demonstrate that the basis for any conception of upbringing should be a true knowledge of the human person supported by solid anthropological and axiological foundations. The knowledge originates from direct human experience which provides us with unquestionable data concerning both ourselves and other people. What is manifested in this experience is the unique ontological structure of the human person as a corporal, psychological and spiritual being. A knowledge of this kind protects us against reductionism as it reveals the personal character of existence. Only from such a perspective can we grasp the full potential of the comprehensive development of pupils. A unique trait of the human person is their transcendental existence. In the context of the evolution of human personality this matter is of primary significance, because a person may only undergo self-transcendence within an objective axiological order. The human person, a value of its kind due to its ontological features, evolves through contact with various values, both moral and non-moral, especially those which are high in the axiological hierarchy. The starting point for the development is provided by an appropriate attitude towards personal dignity. In this context a need arises to pay special attention to a proper understanding of respect, love, justice and mercy as moral values in education. Only this conception of morality allows us to formulate educational purposes for upbringing in the spirit of freedom and responsibility. Education aimed at values, specifically moral ones, should become a top priority for educators. This holds true not only for discussions among experts, but also for the work of practising teachers who are in direct contact with pupils. This is the only way people can find assistance in search of the truth about themselves and the meaning of their lives. Only this approach can show us the path to the fullness of humanity.
W drodze ku przyszłości – integralny czy odczłowieczony rozwój?
Stolarczyk, Ireneusz (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2010)
Social transformations are not homogenous. Social life experiences a peculiar schizophrenia when, on the one hand, it strives to respect human dignity, but on the other it diverges from universally acknowledged and recognised human rights. It is more and more stressed that the creation of social life must not be left up to a blind or sophisticated fate, but instead it ought to be an outcome of reasonable and responsible human actions. The process of divergence from unawareness and contingency towards premeditated and deliberated actions givesrise to a further question: whatshould be the ultimate criterion of validity of social transformations? This question is also addressed by Pope Benedict XVI in his encyclical Caritas in veritate, which emphasizes the possibility and necessity to perceive the shape of social life through the human nature. Now that the person, the subject of social life, is to carry out the dynamism of their nature in social life as well, this life ought to be formed in a way that will facilitate the person’s development. Thus, it can be said that the measure of validity ofsocial transformationsisthe human being whereasthe key to success in building social systems lies in the knowledge of the human nature.
Troska o środowisko naturalne – troska o człowieka
Bortkiewicz, Paweł (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2010)
One of the essential issues that Benedict XVI’s encyclical Caritas in Veritate deals with is ecology. While continuing the teachings of his predecessors, the pope calls for a proper understanding of the ecology of man since all the crises affecting the modern world are interrelated. The present economic crisis is connected with the ecological crisis, which in turn is linked to the political one, and all point to the crisis the human being is now experiencing. Therefore, a need arises first and foremost for the spiritual revival of man so as to re-establish a harmonious relationship between man and the natural environment. While discussing Benedict XVI’s teachings, the article presents those in the broad context of contemporary eco-philosophy represented by Henryk Skolimowski, who accuses Christianity of being anti-ecological. However, a careful evaluation of several of the predominant environmental groups reveals just the opposite: it is not Christianity that is anti-ecological, but some of the ecological movements demonstrate their anti-Christian nature and even take a step towards anti-human ecology.
Nauka o Bożych energiach w teologii Georges’a Florovsky’ego
Kiejkowski, Paweł (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2010)
Georges Vasilievich Florovsky (1893–1979) was a prominent 20th century Orthodox Christian priest, theologian, and writer, active in the ecumenical movement. His literary output covered subjects on nearly every aspect of Church life. Florovsky became part of the great emigration of the Russian intelligentsia, which also included Nikolai Berdyaev, Sergei Bulgakov, Nicholas Lossky, Alexander Schmemann, and John Meyendorff. In his address to the gathering of Orthodox theologians in Athens, Florovsky pointed to the doctrine of energies as one of those truths that needed to be rediscovered by Orthodox theology. The major part of Florovsky’s work on the subject is to be found in three papers: Твар и тварность, Понятие творения у святителя Афанася Великого and Святитель Григрий Палама и трдиция Отцов. The starting point for Florovsky’s thought is the argument that the world does not have to exist. The creation has its foundation in the will of God and not in the nature or essence of God. This distinction between nature/essence and will becomes the basis for Florovsky’s justification of the distinction between essence and energy in God. The distinction between essence and energy is in fact the distinction between necessity and free will. This in turn forms the foundation for a proper ontological differentiation between God and the creation. The energies represent God’s will and grace, due to which the creation and the new creation (deification) are possible. The energies are perceived as the activities of the entire undivided Trinity.
Nowy model opieki psychologicznej w ramach Zespołu Wsparcia Duchowego w Centrum Onkologii w Bydgoszczy
Kawiecka-Dziembowska, Bożena; Windorbska, Wiesława (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2010)
In May 2010 the Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Centre for Oncology in Bydgoszcz witnessed the launch of operations of its Spiritual Support Team, which comprises the Clinical Psychology Department and the Chapel of Saint Michael the Archangel. The low treatment rate in cancer therapy contributes to the perception of the disease as a hopeless condition. Such a view adversely affects the proceass of psychological coping in oncological therapies; therefore, medical therapy is now used in combination with psychological influence. The process of adaptation heavily depends on hope, faith and finding a sense of life’s meaning, thus perceiving life as having its purpose and value. The Spiritual Support Team aims to provide wide-ranging psychological and spiritual aid to the Centre’s patients as well as to their relatives and the institution’s employees. Psychologists from the Clinical Psychology Department offer patients their assistance in coping with cancer at different stages: diagnosis, treatment, remission, metastasis and the terminal phase. Besides individual meetings, patients and their families can take advantage of group sessions (relaxing, psychological and educational activities as well as support groups). The Chapel of Saint Michael the Archangel performs a religious role and is the venue for numerous artistic programmes such as concerts, shows and lectures. To meet the expectations of non-Catholic patients, there is an expert on ecumenism who has a theological education and helps the Centre’s patients to contact clerics representing various religions.
Tajemnica życia, cierpienia i śmierci
Salij, Jacek (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2010)
European medicine, at least since the age of Hippocrates, has been based on the axiom that human life is priceless. Even if doctors did not need to justify or formulate this claim, the axiom of the priceless value of human life provided a guideline in their work. As a matter of fact, it was only in the 20th century that increasingly often a call was expressed to abolish traditional laws forbidding doctors to kill the weakest. It is noteworthy that sometimes also secular doctors and lawyers, several of whom are mentioned in the article, protest against this. The second part of the article presents four essential elements of the Christian approach to suffering: 1. Not only are we allowed, but also encouraged to avoid pain and save others suffering. 2. This should not be done at any price, however – we must not do evil in order to avoid suffering. 3. People in pain deserve our help, kindness and solidarity. 4. Those who suffer can and should transform their unavoidable pain into a spiritual act. Finally, the article also attempts to answer the question of the nature of moral support to the dying person. The answer is given in the shape of short postulates. Thus we should do our best to: 1. Respect the dignity of the dying person and the seriousness of death. 2. Accept the fact that death is not an absolute evil. 3. Believe in the unique value of wise endurance of evil. 4. Seek a unique form of communion with the dying person. 5. Take care of the subjectivity of the dying person. 6. Abstain from lies and at the same time communicate the truth with love. 7. Restore a social dimension to human dying. Issued In 1995, the Health Care Personnel Charter even makes a reference to “the evangelization of human death” (no. 131).
„Dekalog” dialogu Kościoła katolickiego z Żydami i judaizmem
Chrostowski, Waldemar (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2010)
The Second Vatican Council’s document Nostra aetate (28.10.1965) provides a solid foundation for the Catholic Church’s new approach to the Jews and Judaism. Almost half a century has passed since the declaration was promulgated and now we recognize the most important points of our mutual relations much better than before. From a Catholic perspective, they can be perceived as the “Decalogue” of the dialogue. These include: 1. Common roots and common spiritual heritage; 2. The Jews as the “elder brothers” of the Christians; 3. The continuity of the election of Israel; 4. “Whoever meets Jesus Christ, meets Judaism”; 5. The problem of responsibility for the death of Jesus Christ; 6. The Christian theology of Judaism and the Jewish theology of Christianity; 7. The Shoah/ Holocaust and anti-Semitism; 8. The State of Israel, the Holy Land and Jerusalem; 9. The nature and aims of the dialogue; 10. Cooperation and mutual tasks.
Intencjonalność miłości małżeńskiej
Olszanowski, Piotr (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2010)
Many interesting issues appear in connection with the intensifying debate on marriage in contemporary literature. The discussion is focusing on such controversial issues as contraception and in vitro fertilization. However, the discussion too often strays away from the gist of the matter, which is the proper understanding of marital love and its right direction. Thus, there is a need to undertake this topic and stressthe meaning of love in shaping good marital relations. It is worth asking a question about the role of love in marriage as well as about its potential and direction. In doing so, it is worthwhile to mention the most important documents of the Church’s Magisterium related to marriage because they are still relevant. What should also be stressed is the significance of the debate on marriage, both during and after the Vatican Council, which is best demonstrated by the importance attached to the personal character of marriage and departure from the solely legal approach both in people’s consciousness and the Church’s teachings. The article concentrates on all those issues and pays special attention to the aspect of love between man and woman within sacramental commitment. If fulfilled and taken care of, love often brings happinessthat issought. Love is significant not only when people are getting married, but first and foremost in married years. A disinterested act of giving yourself to the other person brings the greatest fruit and indicates a truly human need, due to which communio personarum becomes an authentic expression of love between husband and wife.
Aparat bezpieczeństwa w walce z Kościołem katolickim w województwie pomorskim (bydgoskim) w latach 1945–1956, wybór i opracowanie Tomasz Chinciński i Alicja Paczoska-Hauke, wstęp Alicja Paczoska-Hauke, IPN, Oddział w Gdańsku, Bydgoszcz–Gdańsk 2010, ss. 455, aneks.
Śmigiel, Kazimierz (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2010)
Losy majątku poewangelickiego na wybranych przykładach z terenu diecezji bydgoskiej (1945–1989). Zarys zagadnienia
Sławiński, Wojciech (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2010)
This article discusses the seizure of the property once owned by the Evangelical Churches dissolved after World War II. In compliance with Poland’s postwar law, the property fell into the hands of the state, the Catholic Church, the Lutheran Church and various minority denominations. Legal issues involved are exemplified by a reference to the property located within the present-day diocese of Bydgoszcz. This contains both areas forming part of Poland in the interwar period and those regained by Poland after the war (such as the land of Złotów). For more than 25 years after World War II, the legal status of church property here was very different from that in areas that used to be Polish in the interwar period. In the article, which is an outline history of the issue, the author focuses his attention on laws and their administrative enforcement, which were usually a far cry from the ideal in those days. He also contradicts the recurrent belief that the entire property of the Evangelical Church was taken over by the Catholic Church, allegedly favoured by the communists, which is said to have done harm to the Polish Evangelical community and the Lutheran Church.
Trudności w dialogu duchownych i świeckich w Kościele
Okońska, Elżbieta (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2010)
A proper approach to the cooperation between clergy and lay people facilitates the implementation of difficult apostolic and pastoral tasks in the contemporary Church. Therefore such cooperation must be based on dialogue principles in mutual relationships between the clergy and the laity as this is the most mature communicative category and the most complete form of interpersonal contacts. However, the dialogue between clergy and lay people within the Church may encounter numerous difficulties. Suffice it to mention clergymen’s problems with self-restraint (demonstrated among others by their willingness to deal with all the issues in parish life); the dramatically passive attitude of many lay people who regard the parish as an institution designed to meet their spiritual needs only; and the distrustful and mysterious character of the Church. With this in mind, worthy of consideration is also the difficult dialogue between clergy people and women, which is manifested by lack of respect and maturity as well as seeking opportunities to demonstrate superiority. The difficulties affecting the dialogue between clergy and lay people, frequently referred to as a crisis, may threaten the Church, but may also provide an opportunity for purification, deep reflection, and - first and foremost - conversion.
Czy człowiek tylko największym kapitałem?
Machowski, Adam (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2010)
Man is the greatest capital. At first sight, this statement from Caritas in Veritate, which numerous commentators have noticed and often quoted, seems promising. But it is not entirely satisfactory if devoid of the context of other words and the whole of the pope’s encyclical. This is so because man is not only greatest capital in the material world. Man is greater and goes beyond the world of economic and social values. In his latest encyclical, Benedict XVI says: “I would like to remind everyone, especially governments engaged in boosting the world’s economic and social assets, that the primary capital to be safeguarded and valued is man, the human person in his or her integrity: Man is the source, the focus and the aim of all economic and social life” – this is an excerpt from the papal document. The words that follow the definition of the human being as the greatest capital prevent us from misinterpretation of the document, from a false conception of man. Benedict XVI warns us that the real cause of the world’s present economic crisis is the wrong conception of the human person. The problem lies first and foremost in human nature, and only then can it be found in economy as well as social and political life. The only solution is to come back to true philosophy, anthropology and religion. A need arises for the return of metaphysics as a natural link between philosophy and theology. It is also important that the Pope points to love as the greatest power of the Christians and refers to its possible application in economic, social and political life. This leads us to the necessity of faith. Benedict XVI demonstrates optimism in his claim that reason can cooperate with the virtue of faith. This is the foundation for a society that is truly open – to God and another person, to grace and earthly values.
Profetyczny wymiar rad ewangelicznych w obliczu wyzwań współczesnego świata
Bilicki, Lech (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2010)
In a world overwhelmed by the dictature of relativism (Benedict XVI), a need arises for a point of constant support that would help bring order to our lives and become a “prophet’s voice”. This role could be performed by the three evangelical counsels of chastity, poverty and obedience. Those counsels, traditionally attributed to consecrated people, are in fact addressed by Christ to all His disciples, who by truly following them will carry out the prophetic task which each baptized person has. The article aims to present to what extent living in accordance with the evangelical counsels manages to stand up to the pernicious influence of modern trends.
Wpływ relacji małżeńskich na dziecko
Lewicka, Monika (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2010)
The article discusses the impact of marital relationships on the child. It clearly demonstrates the numerous aspects of parent-child interactions at many levels of interpersonal references. The paper refers to the systematic approach to the family, presents processes involved in the influence of the marital relationship on the child, and emphasizes the impact of this relationship on the child’s self-image. Those relations are described here in terms of pedagogy and psychology. The article may provide help to parents and educators as well as those otherwise interested in the subject matter.
Celestyn V a problem zrzeczenia się urzędu przez Biskupa Rzymskiego. Historia pewnego przypadku
Grzeszczak, Jan (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2010)
The spectacular resignation of Pope Celestine V on 13 December 1294 gave late-Medieval theologians and canonists a significant impulse to reflect on the possibility and procedure of abdication from the office of the Bishop of Rome. The article discusses the historical background to the election and resignation of Celestine V, formerly a pious hermit from the Abruzzi region mountains, who was raised to the Papacy by a decision of the conclave of 5 July 1294. His renunciation after only five months and nine days came as a great surprise to his contemporaries and caused tension in the Church, especially in the context of the problem with the Spirituals and the Colonna cardinals’ rebellion. Eminent theologians of the Middle Ages joined the discussion on the papal right to abdicate; these included Peter Olivi in his De renuntiatione papae and in his letter to Conrad of Offida as well as Giles of Rome in his De renunciatione papae. Both advocated the entitlement of any Bishop of Rome to abdication.
Wykorzystanie obrazu w katechezie. Uwarunkowania psycho-społeczne oraz dydaktyczne
Gogolik, Mirosław (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2010)
It is often said that the contemporary era is becoming audiovisual in nature. This means that present-day people communicate not only with the help of words, but also through the use of pictures, illustrations, signs and symbols. We can observe that the culture of the word is being replaced with the ubiquitous culture of the image and observation. This, a broadly understood concept of the image and observation is also present in the space of religious language. The image has become one of the crucial elements of the contemporary catechetic message. The catechist uses illustrations in order to diversify and strengthen the educational process of the student as well as to extend the scope of catechetic communication. Teachers are now readily taking advantage of new communication means, regarding them as an effective aid in knowledge transfer. Thus defined knowledge transfer easily attracts attention, stimulates emotions and motivates to action, due to which it involves the entire human being referring both to their senses, intelligence and feelings.

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