Scripta Biblica et Orientalia, 2012, T. 4

Stały URI dla kolekcjihttps://theo-logos.pl/handle/123456789/7034

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Egipskie panowanie w Kanaanie późnego okresu epoki brązu – przykład ekonomicznej eksploatacji i politycznego uzależnienia. Próba syntezy
Bieniada, Michał (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2012)
Late Bronze Age in Canaan was a period of strong political and economic dominance of Egypt. Long term economic exploitation of the land of Canaan and Egyptian policy effected in appearance and maintenance of pathological socio-economic and demographic phenomena. With the end of Egyptian rule in Canaan the system which functioned mainly thanks to its inference collapsed. The huge part of Canaan’s population which hitherto lived on a fringe of civilization as refugees and outlaws faced a new reality and new possibilities. They were the foundation of a new demographic movement which gave birth to the new ethnic identities of the Iron Age.
Osadnictwo w Khirbet Qumran w okresie żelaza II
Burdajewicz, Mariusz (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2012)
The archaeology and history of Qumran has a long history in a heated academic discourse regarding first and foremost the Late Hellenistic – Early Roman period of the settlement, a part of which would correspond with the Essene habitation. The goal of this article is to present an overview of the available historical sources and archaeological fi nds concerning the somewhat neglected period of the site’s history, namely the Iron Age. The following points are discussed: the possible identification of the site in the biblical accounts, the character of the settlement and its chronology. While there is still no consensus as to the original, ancient name of the settlement, the excavator’s interpretation of the site as a military fort of the kingdom of Judah, has been questioned in recent years and some new hypothesis have been put forward. As for the chronology of the settlement, the proposal of R. de Vaux of its dating to the Iron Age II seems to be valid in general outline. The recent comparative analysis of the pottery sherds shows their very close typological affinities with the pottery assemblages coming from other, well datable strata of the sites in Judah, and from Jerusalem in particular. The close examination by the present author of the unpublished diagnostic pottery sherds from Qumran has also made possible to narrow down the date of the founding of the settlement to around the middle of the seventh century BC at the latest, and its end to not later than the Babylonian conquest of Judah and Jerusalem in 586 BC.
Stary Testament świadectwem patriarchalnej kultury?
Slawik, Jakub (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2012)
The paper suggests an answer to the question, how far texts the Hebrew Bible reflect patriarchal order of the society, in which the authors and readers lived. An examination of exemplary laws, which deal with the relation among men and women (Ex 22:15-16 and Dtn 22:28-29; see also Ex 20:14), and some Old Testament’s Narratives (Gen 2–3; 12,11–20; 38 etc.), which criticize the social order the patriarchal society, shows, that there is a need to distinguish types of the texts. The law texts reflect the patriarchal order of the society, while the literature in a strict meaning goes beyond a social reality. Additionally the paper deals shortly with masculine and feminine imaginations of God in the Old Testament and warns against a confusion of a tenor and a vehicle of metaphors. The Hebrew Bible does not spread the patriarchal order of the society, on the contrary it is critical of the patriarchal society.
„Šul-utul, bóg króla, niósł lśniący kosz służący do pracy”. Religia królewska a religia rodzinna w starożytnej Mezopotamii
Nowicki, Stefan (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2012)
The aim of this article is mainly a comparison of “royal” and “family” religions in the ancient Near East. General question is the veraciousness of known textual sources, originating from urban environment. The image of a “nomad” is clear and extremely negative – an uncivilized savage, unaware of the proper religion and divine cult. Description of citizenship is completely different – citizens are noble, full of fear of gods, skilled in baking bread and brewing beer, namely – civilized. On the other hand, having plenty of proofs of close, long-lasting and quite friendly urban-nomad co-existence (chiefly in the area of trade) we are inclined to doubt in the truthfulness of cuneiform sources. Focusing on a patron-deity as a crucial factor in such a comparison, one can notice, that this kind of god was not specific only for nomadic but also for royal as well as family beliefs. Moreover, we must acknowledge, that all known ancient Near Eastern urban societies were to all appearance – at some stage of their development – also nomadic. If such, they also should have exercised the worship of various patron deities. This opinion can be supported by studying known royal inscriptions, both Sargonic and pre-Sargonic, where the presence of various “personal” deities could be discerned. Such observation can be hardly considered established, nevertheless it creates some possibilities. Can clan god and personal religion be recognized the forefathers of polytheistic as well as monotheistic faiths, both having the same roots, but different ways and environments of development? Further study is needed for definite response (if any possible), but in my opinion the obtainment of the affirmative one is very probable.
Walka Jahwe z morzem i potworami w Biblii Hebrajskiej. Geneza motywu
Poloczek, Sławomir (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2012)
The article touches upon the question of the origins of the myth of Divine Combat with Sea (or Sea Monster) and its cosmological associacions. It discusses the interpretations and chronology of the ancient texts from the Middle East, Egypt, India and Greece to solve the problem of chronological priority of „Chaoskampf” motive in Indo-european or Semitic traditions. The earliest examle of this myth may be found in the Mari text form the reign of Zimri-Lim. There is probably no reason to connect the image of Monsterous Sea with Proto-Indo-Europen Tradition. Another question is Sitz im Leben of the myth. Most plausible, in the light of geographical studies, is Levantine Coast of Mediterannean Sea. In could determied the origins of the Divine Combat Myth in Amorite Syria.
Wyrocznia efodu oraz urim i tummim w Biblii Hebrajskiej
Majewski, Marcin (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2012)
The article discusses functioning of the oracle in ancient Israel using biblical data and informations beyond the Bible. It concentrates on two legal objects serving as oracle: ephod and urim and tummim.

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