The Person and the Challenges, 2024, Vol. 14, No. 2

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Book review: Tomasz Kraj, Catholic Attitude in Respect to Ethical Pluralism: the Example of Bioethics. A Study in Moral Theology, Myśl Teologiczna Wydawnictwo WAM, Kraków 2023, pp. 209
Szpoton, Szczepan (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
Challenges and Changes in Senior Social Care Services during the Pandemic Period
Cintulová, Lucia Ludvigh; Budayová, Zuzana; Oláh, Michal (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
The subject of the research are 107 recipients of social services who have been provided residential services since the beginning of the pandemic, i.e. since March 2020. The pandemic situation has significantly affected the financing as well as the functioning of social services, their employees and individuals of residential services. This study is focused on identifying key aspects and factors that most influenced the quality of services provided and life satisfaction of seniors in context of analysing the change in lifestyle habits of seniors before and during the pandemic Covid-19.
Changes in Religiosity as a Challenge to Family Catechesis: the Situation in Poland
Osewska, Elżbieta (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
The concept ‘catechesis’ has always been vital to pastoral mission in the Roman Catholic Church and has been used officially with a basic fidelity to its etymological roots (an echoing of faith between believers and with fidelity to its context in the early Christian Church (systematic formation and participation in experiences within a faith community). However today, when the official Roman Catholic Church documents recall family catechesis, at the practical level, family catechesis is still ambiguous. This article opens a new window on a very topical issue in contemporary catechesis: strengthening the family as an important agent of catechesis. The author (taking into consideration the changes of religiosity of Catholics) proposes different models in which the family can be supported to assume its primary function as an educator for the faith using the example of Poland.
Chess as a pedagogical tool
Szczepanik-Ninin, Magdalena (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
The present article discusses an original way of learning chess in the school context. This proposition concerns the first year of learning chess by the seven-year-old pupils. The organizational principles are described, resulting in the children’s age, psychological disposition and didactic implications. Four school subjects are linked with chess instructions. Firstly, chess is presented as a physical education, which is not common. Subsequently, Polish, mathematics and arts activities are suggested. The whole project is dedicated to promoting chess learning in a friendly context, even for children who will not choose to become chess players.
Contemporary Pastoral Activities For the Sake of Humanity, And Peace. Report of the Chaplain of the President of the Republic of Poland
Kras, Zbigniew (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
Defining Work Ethics in the Modern Labour Market: Ethical Competence Criteria Emerging from Technological Development and Moral-Theological Documents
Raś, Dariusz; Jabłoński, Marek; Prusak, Anna; Zmuda, Piotr (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
Ethical competence is not an easily defined concept, especially with respect to the job requirements resulting from new technologies and digital transformation of the economy. The present paper attempts to define the competence profile of a worker in knowledgebased economy and workplaces using automation and digital technologies, but in relation to sources from encyclicals and other moral-theological documents. This profile includes specific ethical criteria, which are relevant and valid regardless of the times. Moreover, in the face of technological progress in modern economies, these criteria seem to have the power to influence the effectiveness of work processes. Thus, features such as respect for human dignity, responsibility, honesty, quality, courage, trustworthiness, justice, and secrecy should be considered as key for recruitment and evaluation of human capital in the modern labour market. As these are values mentioned in moraltheological documents, including papal encyclicals, they refer to the essence of human work and ensure that no man is reified.
Efflorescence of Relationships in Christ – Theological Fundament and Resonating Prospect
Godawa, Marcin (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
The aim of the paper is to examine the potency contained in the mystery of Christ as Alpha and Omega of human history. The issue will be viewed through the prism of accidental encounters, etc. that is, those which in our earthly life have no visible importance or continuation. It is striking that our life largely consists of such contacts: thousands of people passing by every day seem to be accidental, “non-productive” and not important. Broken relationships belong to the same set as well. Thus, the real question is whether they have any deeper meaning or not. I will try to argue, by reference to spiritual theology, that life in Christ brings a real answer to this question. The apparently accidental encounters become, subsequently, relationships flourishing in Christ, on the basis that He is the one spiritual principle of all believers and the Head of the Mystical Body of the Church. In Him, our particular present encounters are purified and come into perfection to the state when they will appear as true and everlasting relationships. A man who is overlooked now turns out to be a real co-author of my eternal happiness. Although this sense will fully be realised in heaven, it can now be experienced by hope and the contemplation of the neighbour in God.
Exam Cheating Then and Now: A Comparison of Academic Dishonesty in the World’s Oldest Testing System and Present-day Academia
Sendur, Agnieszka M. (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
In recent years, cheating in exams has been reported to be a serious issue in many countries. Some believe the problem to be more severe, due to the development of modern technologies. But academic dishonesty is not a new phenomenon. This article is going to look into the cheating methods used in the world’s first examination system in Imperial China and the means devised to prevent these malpractices. These are compared with examples of exam cheating observed in contemporary societies and the measures that institutions take to safeguard test and certificate validity. Cheating practices in Imperial exams are described on the basis of the available literature and the preserved artefacts. The state of the problem of cheating by contemporary students has been assembled, based on research articles. Despite all the changes that have occurred in educational systems over the years, cheating methods have not in essence changed significantly.
Impacts of the Coronavirus Pandemic on Social Problems and Poverty of the Elderly in Slovakia
Tománek, Pavol; Radková, Libuša; Buzalová, Szilvia (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
This article analyses the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the social problems and poverty of the elderly. Quarantine measures caused increased isolation, loneliness, psychological problems and limited access to medical care, which negatively affected their physical and mental health. The demographic shift towards an aging population presents seniors with complex challenges, including the struggle to meet basic needs and live on the poverty line. These related problems, associated with a lack of attention from the environment, have a negative impact on their quality of life. In the article, we analyse the state of poverty development, based on current statistics. The current isolation, loneliness and loss of independence are intertwined with low income and the possibility of institutionalization, which has increased with the advent of the pandemic situation and the economic crisis.
Kant and Schopenhauer on the Ultimate Goal of Human Life
Bobko, Aleksander (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
Contemporary reflection concerning man focuses upon man as a being living only “here and now”, it is “short-termed” in character. In this paper, going against the current of this dominant tendency, I would like to show how interesting and important is the question about the ultimate goal of human life. In my considerations I refer to the thought of Immanuel Kant and Arthur Schopenhauer — two classical authors of modern philosophy — who still seem to exert a significant influence on the European culture. Even if in their systems they depart from similar assumptions, their conclusions concerning man are radically different: for Kant, every human being has unique value and is called to create “civil society”; for Schopenhauer every individual being (including man) is volatile and devoid of meaning and value. The question remains open as to whether the ultimate message of their philosophy can be still an inspiration for us today, or whether it already sounds rather strange and unfamiliar in confrontation with the spirit of modernity.
Parental and Teacher Perspectives on Children’s Use of the Internet
Miočić, Marijana; Janković, Sandra (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of technology and the internet was highlighted when teachers were encouraged to prepare teaching materials, so that online classes could be conducted smoothly and children`s education could continue. This form of teaching and activities, as well as isolation itself, resulted in children spending hours in front of the screen. The paper will present the results of a survey of the opinions of teachers (N=43) and parents of school-age children (N=55), regarding the habits, benefits and dangers of using the internet by children in the lower grades of elementary school. Descriptive and frequency analysis, as well as z-test and t-test, were used to process the obtained data in order to determine whether there is a difference in the opinion of teachers and parents about the forms of the child’s use of the internet, the benefits and safety of using the internet.
Procedimento come principio inespresso
Michowicz, Przemysław (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
This paper discusses the possibility pertaining to the field of a new principle of law theorised, according to the communion ecclesiology issued by the Second Vatican Council. By considering the accurate proceeding disposition, the author accepts that a new principle constitutes necessary rules for the correct functioning of the canon law system and, as such, are inducted from the legal reasoning of those entitled to take legal decisions in the process of applying the law, especially the judiciary. Furthermore, it could constitute an integrative tool of the entire legal system. Such a new principle is understood to be of great value, because of the significant role assigned to principles in the theory of law in general. In every case, a new principle evokes by, and alludes to, values that govern the entire canon law science.
Radio Free Europe’s Polish Broadcasting Service vis-à-vis the Millennium and Church – State Relations (1965–1966)
Kristanova, Evelina (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
This article presents an analysis of selected broadcasts by Radio Free Europe’s Polish Broadcasting Service on the 1966 celebration of the Millennium of the Christianisation of Poland, against the background of the relationship between the Church and state. The source material consists of programmes available online on the Radio Liberty website and articles published in the monthly magazine Na Antenie/On Air from 1965 to 1966. The author’s intention is to show the role and meaning of radio broadcasts vis-à-vis the Millennium Poloniae celebrations, which were of a religious and political nature. The radio station, under the direction of Jan Nowak-Jeziorański, defended the authority of Primate Stefan Wyszyński against communist propaganda, while serving as the only source of information for audiences in the country with respect to the Novena initiated in 1956, which culminated in the Millennium. Aside from RFE’s political objectives, the broadcasts served to counter the propaganda and the campaign against the Church and to break the media monopoly in the People’s Republic of Poland. Having a formative and integrative character, they also contributed to the preservation of the listeners’ religious identity.
Social Competencies of Students of Science and Social Majors for Volunteer Work
Kanios, Anna; Weissbrot-Koziarska, Anna (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
The article discusses the recognition of social competencies of students of science and social majors to do voluntary work. The theoretical concept on which the research is based is the concept of social competencies by J. Skrzypczak, who sees them as “the ability to do something, depending on the familiarity of knowledge, skills and abilities included in it, as well as on the degree of conviction about the need of using that ability.” The main purpose of the research is to diagnose the social competencies of students of science and social majors to do voluntary work and to identify the differences between groups in this respect. The method of diagnostic survey was chosen for the purposes of the study. Research has shown slight differences between the students of science and social majors. They only concern the assessment of one’s own level of motivation to help.
The Basic Principles of Personalistic Pedagogy According to Joseph Ratzinger/ Benedict XVI
Parzyszek, Magdalena; Gruca-Miąsik, Urszula; Osewska, Elżbieta; Stala, Józef (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
The rapid changes in the socio-cultural context of life and education of the young generation in Europe prompt contemporary educators to look for pedagogical trends that may be an inspiration for comprehensive education that rises to current challenges. The authors, therefore, refer to the relational concept of a person by Joseph Ratzinger and derive from it, the fundamental principles of personalistic pedagogy. In the first part of the paper, the basic terms related to the person and their upbringing will be outlined. The second part focuses upon chief educational difficulties; in the subsequent sections, they present the conditions of authentic upbringing and the assumptions of the education process presented by Joseph Ratzinger/Pope Benedict XVI.
The carnal dimension of love of Catholic spouses
Lichtenberg-Kokoszka, Emilia; Banasik, Joanna (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
According to the Encyclical Humanae vitae of Pope Paul VI, conjugal love should be human (sensual and spiritual), full, faithful and exclusive, and fruitful. Human sexuality has a purpose and meaning. In addition to the procreative meaning, it also contains a bonding element, openness to the needs of the other, love, care, interest. However, to be complete, it requires communication, also in terms of intimate needs. Their proper satisfaction, with the appropriate level of maturity and religious activity, is the basis for marital fidelity. A proper understanding of the essence of sexuality allows the development of openness to life and the selection of appropriate methods of family planning, consistent with moral standards. For Christians, religious principles are the basis for understanding human nature, also in the sexual dimension, at the same time being the basis for formulating and understanding adequate norms derived from natural law. Respecting the principles of Catholic moral ethics puts marriage and family life in order. The aim of the considerations is to present human sexuality as an expression of conjugal love, which should be human, full, faithful, exclusive and fertile. In order to consider the normative significance of religion in the sex life of Catholic couples, a critical analysis of various sources was conducted. This included examining Church documents, books, and articles in scientific journals. The method applied in this paper involved a critical analysis of selected texts and a synthesis of their content. The basis for the considerations will be the Encyclical Humanae vitae of Pope Paul VI supplemented with modern knowledge in the field of biology, psychology, sexology and theology of marriage and family.
The Crisis of Truth, and Its Impact on Human Actions
Kraj, Tomasz (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
Not only does Moral Theology tell us what we should do, but it also provides the reasons why we should do some things and avoid others. Over the centuries Christians paid attention to God’s creatures because they realised that He speaks to us through them and reveals His will as well (Rom 1). This issue also became the object of metaphysical inquiry. The concept of the truth of all things explained how man gets knowledge about God’s will through his creatures, which he subsequently should take into account in his moral conduct. The Enlightment proclaimed human freedom from religious beliefs and restrictions. Its philosophy, known as modern philosophy, tried to „conquer” metaphysics and the notion of the truth of all things. This paper presents these efforts and their consequences.
The Directory for Catechesis and Family Catechesis in Slovenia
Šegula, Andrej (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
The article’s author presents family catechesis as one of the possible forms of catechising children. The foundations of family catechesis are found in the New Directory for Catechesis where it is clearly stated that catechesis starts in the family. In Slovenia, the family catechesis was born “from the bottom-up”, at the request of a group of parents. In the beginning, it was an alternative option, but today it is considered equal to other forms of catechesis. Children and young people, who participate in this catechesis together with their parents, may receive the sacraments of first Holy Communion, Confession, and Confirmation. After ten years of experience, the results are positive and open new catechetic ways and possibilities. This is a new approach, a new method, for which the Directory for Catechesis says: “Catechesis does not have a single method, but is open to evaluating different methods, engaging in pedagogy and didactics and allowing itself to be guided by the Gospel necessary for recognizing the truth of human nature” (Directory for Catechesis no. 195).
The Family in the Scientific Achievements of Professor Helena Radlińska. References to the Sources of Polish Social Pedagogy
Żukiewicz, Arkadiusz (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
The aim of this article is to present the issues of the family in relation to the scientific achievements of Prof. Helena Radlińska. In the course of the research, the descriptive research method was used. This was accompanied by a cross-sectional analysis of the documents. The subject of the conducted research were family issues, considered from the point of view of social pedagogy. The subject of the research was the family and people creating the family life environment. The summary of the analysis are the directions of further research, the effects of which will facilitate the creation of theoretical foundations for models of assistance, care, support and family development.
Verso una rinnovata mistagogia L’impostazione della mistagogia basata sulla tipologia biblica
Aracki Rosenfeld, Nikolaj (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
Biblical typology is the basis of any mystagogy because, through it, the Christian sees the entire plan of God unfolded, fulfilled in Christ, along with the persons, realities, and events that prophetically prefigured His coming. In various fields of theological reflection, the term „mystagogy”, so dear to the liturgical and spiritual tradition of Christian antiquity, has emerged with renewed vigour. In the great patristic mystagogies, the biblical passage takes center stage and shapes the very method of mystagogy: for the Fathers, mystagogy is nothing other than biblical typology applied to the liturgy. Therefore, in order to fully participate in the mysteries of Christ and his message, it is necessary to appropriate and adopt biblical typology. Only this enables us to move toward a renewed mystagogy.

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