The Person and the Challenges, 2019, Vol. 9, No. 2

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65 Anniversary of the Krakow Curia Trial
Jędraszewski, Marek (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2019)
Actions against the Catholic Church in Polish People’s Republic till 1953
Dziurok, Adam (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2019)
In the years 1944–1948, the authorities of communist Poland, for tactical reasons abstained from direct attacks on the Catholic Church. After the establishment of the authorities’ structures and once the political opposition and armed forces underground were defeated, systematic restriction on the influence of the Church begun. Back then, the Catholic Church was the only independent social institution in the country. What was attacked then was, among others, religious education in schools (religious education, crosses and catechists were removed from schools, Catholic education was limited), catholic organisations, charitable and care activities of the Church (at the beginning of 1950, the state took over “Caritas” and kindergartens, children’s homes, hospitals were taken from the Church) as well as publishing activities (Catholic press releases were being restricted). The repressions were hindered by the signature of the Church- State Agreement in April 1950. When in 1952, the activities aimed at the removal of religious education from schools were intensified, several dozens of theological seminaries were dissolved and some of the boarding-schools run by the Church were taken over, then Primate Stefan Wyszyński defined the relations between the Church and the State as a “state of emergency”.
Are Childhood Sexual Abuse and Intimate Safety in Adult Intimate Relationships Correlated?
Jerebic, Drago; Jerebic, Sara (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2019)
Individuals who have experienced childhood sexual abuse report numerous problems in intimate relationships, including their physical and sexual experience. Satisfying sexuality arises from intimate safety, the prerequisite for which is mutual trust, which, however, can be impaired due to betrayal in individuals who were traumatized by sexual abuse in their childhood. In a study with 168 participants, we were interested in differences in intimate safety within intimate relationships (measured by the ISQ – Intimate Safety Questionnaire subscale which refers to sexual safety). Differences were studied within two groups of couples – those who had experienced childhood sexual abuse and those who had never experienced the sexual abuse in childhood. We found that among the participating couples, in 42 (50%) couples at least one of the partners experienced at least one type of sexual abuse. One or more types of sexual abuse in childhood were experienced by 12 (14%) men and 39 (46.4%) women. We also found that in couples who had experienced sexual abuse in childhood and couples who had not, there is a difference in intimate safety in their sexual life. The couples who had not experienced sexual abuse in childhood reported statistically significantly higher sexual safety in their intimate relationships. We can conclude that childhood sexual abuse trauma is expressed in sexual intimacy with mistrust, which through the decreased feeling of safety inhibits individuals’ vulnerability and reduces the opportunity to create intimacy. The survey was limited by a biased sample.
Bericht über die internationale Konferenz: „Polonia Restituta”, Krakau, 29. April 2019
Osewska, Elżbieta (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2019)
Bericht über die internationale Wissenschaftskonferenz: „The Strong Family as the Foundation of a Healthy Society”
Stala, Józef (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2019)
Book review Albín Masarik: Grieving with Hope. Selected Aspects of Funeral Sermons, Cumbria 2017, Langham Global Library, Carlisle, ISBN 9 781783 683772, pp. 166
Fabian, Anton (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2019)
Book review: Grzegorz Godawa, Functioning of the family of a child in home hospice care. A thanatopedagogical study, Toruń 2016: Publishing House AKAPIT, pp. 452
Szymański, Mirosław (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2019)
Developing Religious Thinking Using C. S. Lewis’s Chronicles of Narnia
Hanesová, Dana; Hanes, Pavel; Masariková, Daniela (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2019)
The authors present the results of authentic theologizing with children while using the Chronicles of Narnia by C. S. Lewis in the process of religious education. Since the 1950s, when this series of seven fantasy novels for children was published it became recognized as an English classic of children’s literature. Although from the beginning, they have faced praise as well as criticism – particularly due to the recent attempt to use them as a script for a film adaptation – experience with this series of children’s book shows that they can contribute positively to the development of children’s religious thinking. The most important concept for the development of the spirituality of children is their concept of God and what it means to have faith in God.
Enslavement of the Church in Poland in 1953
Marek, Łucja (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2019)
The accord entered into by and between representatives of state and Church authorities on April 14th 1950 did not protect the Catholic Church from further repression. On February 9th 1953, the State Council decreed with regard to the filling of ecclesiastical posts in the Church. Through such normative, the state authorities awarded themselves the right to interfere with the human resources aspect of religious creed. A categorical objection (Non possumus!) to this policy determined the imprisonment of the Primate Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński. The primate’s detention offered proper political conditions to engage in this and other campaigns targeting the authority, independence, and identity of the Catholic Church. The clergy’s influence on public life was restrained, and the Church was deprived of independence. It might well be assumed that were it not for events of October 1956, the Church in Poland would have been permanently subjugated to the State.
Ethical Aspects of Euthanasia. Introduction to the Debate
Bajda, Karol (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2019)
The subject of the study is the ethical aspects of euthanasia. The framework of the article does not allow for a comprehensive and complex analysis of the issue presented in the title. In view of the above, the purpose of the article has been limited to two aspects. The first one is the clarification of terminology and an attempt to draw out the classification of euthanasia. The second one is showing the arguments that supporters and antagonists take in the ongoing debate on the subject of euthanasia. In the author’s opinion, the subject that strictly corresponds to the subject matter in the study remains the legal regulations of individual countries regarding euthanasia. This issue has been highlighted at the end of the article and may constitute a contribution to the discussion.
Das Gedenken an den „Tag des Martyriums der polnischen Geistlichkeit“ im Jahr 2018
Kęszka, Sławomir (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2019)
Die Gesamtpolnische Wissenschaftskonferenz: „Pedagogiczna i pielęgniarska pasja Hanny Chrzanowskiej” (Der pädagogische und pflegerische Enthusiasmus von Hanna Chrzanowska)
Osewska, Elżbieta (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2019)
The Impact of Early Aggression on Late Development
Gostečnik, Christian; Cvetek, Robert; Pate, Tanja; Poljak Lukek, Saša; Simonič, Barbara; Valenta, Tanja; Repič Slavič, Tanja (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2019)
Children who are victims of an early violent atmosphere or early relational trauma will often, even in adulthood, tend to behave violently towards others, or become victims of violence, or freeze and later develop the tendency towards self-injury, in particular in later adolescence. In adulthood, they can be accident-prone, engage in constant violent physical abuse, threaten with or actually commit suicide. In this article we will focus on the impact of violence that children experience from the earliest age, on how it affects their development, and is transmitted to adulthood as well as to younger generations, since violence is imprinted in the deepest organic fibres of every individual.
The Importance of the Diocesan Synod to the Particular Church
Kantor, Robert (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2019)
“Particular Churches, in which and from which, the one and only Catholic Church exists, are principally dioceses. Unless the contrary is clear, the following are equivalent to a diocese: a territorial prelature, a territorial abbacy, a vicariate apostolic, a prefecture apostolic and a permanently established apostolic administration” (canon 368 of the Code of Canon Law). In December 2016, the Bishop of Tarnów convened the 5th Synod of the Diocese of Tarnów. The main purpose of a Synod – in the opinion of the Bishop of Tarnów – was to demonstrate the spiritual, pastoral and material heritage of the Christ’s Church in the Diocese of Tarnów; to revive faith, hope and love in the personal and community relationship with Christ in the Church; and to indicate new pastoral ways in the changeability of the world towards the unchangeability of Christ. Taking this into consideration the article analyzes the following issues: the definition of a synod; the purpose of a synod; convocation of and presiding over a diocesan synod; the preparation of a synod; Pope Francis about synodality, and finally “The Church is our neighbour” – a synod as an expression of love for the Church.
New Challenges for the Catholic Vision of the Vocation of Women and Men
Stala, Józef (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2019)
At the turn of the 21st century, the ethical boundaries have been demolished in a dramatic way, especially in reference to the broadly understood human sexuality. An intensively promoted materialist anthropology connected to the reductive vision of human sexuality and sexual life, has created the foundation for anew ideology. Gender theory finds itself well in the postmodernist context, where multi-dimensional determinist conditioning, relativism and temporality of all human intellectual property are highlighted. The Traditional categories as femininity, masculinity, and heterosexuality were rejected and treated as mere archaic stereotypes. According to gender ideologists, in order to prevent discrimination one has to finally start the deconstruction of a patriarchal regime and replace it with anew, egocentric and hedonistic culture. The author of this article presents new challenges for the Catholic vision of the vocation of women and men highlighting the deconstruction of the biological sex, a new anthropology and the far-going transformations in the consciousness, social, cultural and political activity on an international scale.
Perspectives on the Development of Sponsorship of Catholic Ministerial Organizations with Particular Reference to Health Care
Kaleta, Paweł (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2019)
Sponsorship in this paper is the formal relationship between an authorized Catholic organization and a recognized apostolic undertaking to promote and sustain Christ’s ministry to people in need. Sponsorship is not a static reality. Radical changes which have occurred in charitable works, largely due to the decline in religious vocations and the aging of members of institutes, led sponsoring leaders to seek for and find new approaches to sponsorship whereby their ministry could continue without compromising their identity. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to certain perspectives of the evolving understanding of sponsorship which is regularly in the process of being transformed and reshaped. It faces many challenges regarding the continuing Catholic identity of the sponsored works and the recognition of numerous new opportunities for future forms of sponsorship. This study explores certain canonical and practical perspectives for the development of the sponsorship of various forms of Catholic ministerial organizations, with particular reference to health care.
The Polish Church and the “Thaw” of 1956
Wenklar, Michał (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2019)
The process of “thaw”, developing in Poland after the death of Joseph Stalin, for a long time did not include the aspect of religious freedom. Demands to restore the possibility of free worship, teaching religious education, and, above all, the release of the Primate Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński, were always present in the society, as evidenced by school strikes or slogans appearing during the Poznań events of June 1956. The changes of October 1956, initiated by the 8th plenary of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party, led to an improvement in state-Church relations and implementation of the most important postulates of the Church, including the return of the Primate to Warsaw, the reinstatement of religious education in schools, and the return of chaplains to prisons and hospitals. The authorities, however, did not treat the above as part of a binding agreement. As early as in the 1957 and 1958 activities restricting the functioning of the Church began. The symbolic markings of the process were the attack on the Primate’s Institute at Jasna Góra in 1958 and the withdrawal of consent for the construction of the church in Kraków’s Nowa Huta. Finally, in 1961, religious education was removed from schools, and in 1962 a separate department of the Security Service was established for the sole purpose of the fight against religion. Although the practices of the Stalinist period did not make their comeback, the 1956 thaw appeared to be only a short episode in a constant conflict between the communist state and the Roman Catholic Church.
Stalinism in Poland
Musiał, Filip (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2019)
The article presents, in a synthetic manner, the mechanism of introducing the Stalinist system in Poland and describes its essence. It points to the importance of – until now given less value in the relevant literature – the mechanism of elimination of institutions and persons representing the constitutional order and state-creating social fabric, as well as introducing in their place representatives of the lowest social classes and institutions impersonating Polish centres of power, but in fact fully dependent on the USSR. The text focuses on political and social issues, as well as on the extensive repression apparatus.
The Stalinist Trial of Bishop Czesław Kaczmarek, the Ordinary of the Diocese of Kielce
Domański, Tomasz (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2019)
The Kielce Bishop Czesław Kaczmarek is rightly considered one of the martyrs of the Catholic Church in Poland during the Stalinist era. He was the only bishop to be tried by the communist authorities. The allegations of cooperation with Germany and spying for the US were propaganda and nothing to do with the truth. For several years, the bishop had been kept in prison and was subjected to a brutal investigation. The authorities also imprisoned a number of priests and nuns. The Kaczmarek trial, as shown by events in the courtroom, was directed not only against him but against the entire Church in Poland and the Vatican. The communist authorities did not cease their repressions against the Kielce ordinary, after 1956, seeing in Czesław Kaczmarek a determined enemy of the system.
Stalinization, de-Stalinization, and re-Stalinization. 1953 behind the “Iron Curtain”
Opulski, Rafał (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2019)
The aim of the article is to present the changes that took place after the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953 in the Soviet Union and in some countries included in its “external empire”. The “Iron Curtain”, which divided the world into two parts, began to shift after the Generalissimo’s death and revealed differences in the approach of individual countries to the „new course” announced by Stalin’s successors. In some countries, the death of the Kremlin dictator began changes in the policy of the time, in others the methods characteristic of Stalinism were continued, which meant the activity of an all-powerful apparatus of repression seeking real and imagined “enemies”, the central authority of unlimited power with mass terror and striving for total control of citizens and all manifestations of social life. The text presents the most important elements of the policy of the Communist parties in the Soviet Union, GDR, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Bulgaria in 1953 which were consistent with the process of re-Stalinization, characterized by similarity to governments during the dictator’s life and de-Stalinization, that is, the reversals of methods and tools known in the Stalinism period.

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