The Person and the Challenges, 2020, Vol. 10, No. 1

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When the Family becomes the Most Dangerous Place: Relations, Roles and Dynamics within Incestuous Families
Repič Slavič, Tanja (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2020)
The family is supposed to give the child a sense of security, belonging, acceptance and love. If, however, instead of these pleasant experiences, the most prevalent atmosphere is that of, abuse, trauma, violence, horror and fear, the child will not feel safe, accepted and loved. Even worse, later in life, he will unconsciously search for situations that will awaken in him, and re-create that primary atmosphere and underlying affects, because in his intrapsychic world, they equal belonging and familiarity. Clinical experience and research show that incest is one of the severest traumas caused to the human psyche and body. In the paper, we will first present the definition, prevalence and discuss factors such as the duration of the incest and the age of victims and perpetrators. Then, we will describe the relations, roles and dynamics within incestuous families, where the child finds himself with his own pain among people who should be trustworthy, who should give safety and a sense of being loved, but instead they abuse the child, violating all the boundaries, taking away one’s dignity and killing the soul.
Neurobiological and Relational Bases for Understanding Aggressiveness
Poljak Lukek, Saša; Valenta, Tanja (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2020)
Aggression is a deliberate, proactive or impulsive, defensive or active act, expressed through the use of physical power or psychological pressure. As such, it is a significant element of violent behaviour. According to developmental stages, aggression is expressed in various forms and is associated with the specific ways of regulating the feelings of shame and anger. We assume that excessive exposure and interrupted contact in development can lead to a specific regulation of the affects of shame and anger in a person who, because he feels threatened, can transform these feelings into aggressive behaviour. In addition, the dysregulated affects can lead to the dissociation of emotional experience, and thus to the inability to feel empathy, which allows for deliberate or proactive aggressiveness. Furthermore, the text presents the basic conclusions of research in the neurobiological understanding of aggression. The aggressive action is characterized by the specific functioning of the prefrontal cortex, the amygdala, and the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Abuse in childhood and relational trauma are presented as a starting point for the specific functioning of the brain and specific affect regulation, which can also be associated with aggressive behaviour in adulthood.
Induced Abortion in the Contemporary Penitential Praxis of the Catholic Church. How to be an Instrument of New Hope
Polák, Jan (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2020)
The aim of this paper is to consider how a priest could contribute to the healing of those who are burdened with the crime of induced abortion. The response of the Catholic Church towards this issue, throughout the centuries, deserves to be discussed on the basis of some relevant facts. The topic concerns not only moral theology and canon law but it is also the object of research of modern psychology. A confessor, confronted with procured abortion, should reflect seriously on which type of penance will be a real spiritual medicine for his penitent. This study would like to present some examples. It reflects the actual status quo in some selected dioceses concerning the forum internum. The paper will conclude with some proposals to address such situations.
Mass Media as the Key Space for Preaching and Defending Christian Personalism
Oko, Dariusz (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2020)
Since the invention of print, the media have been increasingly influencing individual and social awareness. They seem apt to undo, in a relatively short period of time, whatever good the upbringing and authorities of a high moral standard have instilled into a person. However, the media can also support the development of this good in a significant way. They are a powerful tool that everyone has to reckon with, they are a place to exchange all sorts of ideas – from the worst to the best. That is the reason why anyone who wants to proclaim the principle of Christian personalism in society should try to think through how to wisely use them to spread the message. However, this message will inevitably meet with strong opposition from people who have opposite beliefs and from the media they own, as they have made them a fundamental place for the struggle for power and dominion over human consciousness. This article, written on the basis of theoretical considerations, but also the rich media experience of the author, attempts to provide practical advice on these matters. The article explains the common structure of all such opposition that follows the pattern of the very loud media case of Fr. Krzysztof Charamsa (in which the author was himself deeply entangled), Tygodnik Powszechny and Gazeta Wyborcza which supported him. In this way, the article shows the mechanisms of manipulation of contemporary media, but also the remedies available.
Book Review: The Power of Spirit… Chaplains of the Polish Army in the service for peace, security and freedom of nations, Scientific Editors: Jan Figurski, Zbigniew Kępa, Jerzy Niepsuj, Editorial Office of the Military University of Technology, Warsaw 2019, p. 348
Kościelecki, Lech (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2020)
America Media: A Religious Media Case on the U.S. Market
Gęsiak, Leszek (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2020)
In the whole world, independently of the country, we observe the process of media concentration. More and more huge consortia and media groups are being created. This often causes small, individual, autonomous titles, portals, radio or television stations to be displaced. This process of media evolution also affects religious media. An example of this could be the America Media consortium, with headquarters in New York. It belongs to the Jesuits, the Catholic order, and it is administered and developed by the same order. This descriptive study presents the process of the evolutionary transformation of America weekly magazine, which is over 100-years old, into a multi-dimensional media platform with a global scope. The new and modern media consortium is developing the wonderful history of the printed Catholic magazine. It is present in all the most important media areas: magazine, radio, television and internet. According to global trends, a key factor in America Media is the social media through which they bring a large number of readers, listeners and viewers. Most popular are radio podcasts and TV interviews available via Facebook and the YouTube channel. This evolutionary process is presented in the context of variety of Catholic American media. The specific elements of the mission of the Catholic consortium, the adopted development strategy, possible perspectives of this media complex in the near future, and existing difficulties are also discussed in this paper. The study was largely based on a visit made to America Media headquarters in October 2018.
Caring for the Person and the Human Family as a Priority for the State and the Church
Borutka, Tadeusz (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2020)
Caring for the person and the human family is one of the most important tasks for the State and the Church. In contrast to the activities of the civil society, the work of the Church in this area is called a specific work, because it requires the use of so-called poor means, i.e. peaceful means. From the very beginning, the teaching of the Church has stood and stands on the ground of Christian personalism. The Church looks at marriage and family in the same spirit. It views the family as the basic and irreplaceable community. It is the family that offers the most effective tools for the humanization and personalization of society. Any social and family policy should serve this end. The Church should follow a similar policy. However, the pastoral concern of the Church is not limited only to Christian families. It should manifest itself in relation to all families and especially those who face difficult or abnormal situations.
Homo Consumens versus Homo Patiens (The Dilemmas of Postmodern Reality)
Bajda, Zbigniew (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2020)
The contemporary „homo consumens” does not want to accept that his ontic status is still best defined by the words „homo patiens”. Today’s attempts to eliminate suffering through constantly stimulated consumption may be considered as an act of the „degradation” of humans and humanity who by rejecting the truth about their nature as suffering creatures, paradoxically also lose the meaning of their life. If one denies suffering, then – at the same time – one closes oneself before life. For the escape from suffering is anything but the escape from life, at least the one that is experienced in a conscious and sensible way.
L’oecuménisme spirituel dans le témoignage de la vie et de l’enseignement de saint Jean-Paul II
Wrzała, Elżbieta (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2020)
During his many journeys and speeches in his teaching, John Paul II proved that spiritual ecumenism is a sine qua non for all ecumenical activity. He is the „soul” of all ecumenism. Spiritual ecumenism, thanks to conversion of the heart, holiness of life, individual and community prayer for unity, becomes a clear criterion for the existence of a genuinely Christian ecumenical attitude.
Re-contextualising Catholic School Religious Education: Educating Young People Spiritually, Morally and Religiously for the 21st Century
Rossiter, Graham (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2020)
Philip Phenix’s (1964) book Realms of meaning: A philosophy of the curriculum for general education started the ever growing movement concerned with how school education might help young people in their search for meaning, purpose and values in times of rapid cultural change. Today, in globalised, digital, secularised culture, the importance and urgency of this role have never been greater. Religious Education, with core curriculum status in Catholic schools, has both credentials and precedents for studying directly the contemporary human quest for meaning to help resource the spirituality of young people, no matter what their religious disposition. But a ‘course correction’ is needed for the discourse of Catholic Religious Education which has ‘drifted’ almost so exclusively into ecclesiastical terminology that its educational credibility as a valuable spiritual/ moral school subject has been eroded, creating an ever widening discontinuity with the realities of the classroom and young people’s spirituality. A more outward-looking and less Catholic-centric emphasis would help, without neglecting commitment to the faith tradition. While concerned with the Australian Catholic sector, the article may well have relevance to other countries and contexts.
Le attività degli insegnanti Salesiani in Polonia nel periodo della II guerra mondiale
Wierzbicki, Mirosław Stanisław (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2020)
The article presents the various activities of “the Salesians” as teachers and educators during the Second World War, indicating also the social and political structures of the country. After the outbreak of the war, the educational efforts of the Salesians were stopped, but not eliminated from everyday life. However, on the basis of archival documents, the destiny of some religious was rediscovered, guided by the courageous and heroic acts of “teaching in secret”, creation of boarding schools, orphanages and pastoral care and demonstrating with their lives, a phenomenal dedication to youths’ education, risking of imprisonment, permanent enclosure in a concentration camp, and in many cases, death by martyrdom.
The Service of Thought. The First Decade of the Pontifical University of John Paul II in Krakow
Szczurek, Jan Daniel (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2020)
The paper shows how “the service of thought” (using an expression of John Paul II) has been performed at the Pontifical University of John Paul II in Krakow during last ten years. This paper presents the main cyclical scientific events, such as conferences and symposia, as well as signs of growth of the unique pontifical university in Central and Eastern Europe. For example the “Krakow methodological conferences” are of particular interest, because the discovery of an appropriate method ensures success in the search for truth.
Bericht über die Internationale Konferenz: „Europa między nihilizmem post-oświeceniowym a kwestią islamską” (Europa zwischen dem Nihilismus nach der Aufklärung und der Frage nach dem Islam ), Krakau, 29. Mai 2019
Stala, Józef (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2020)
The Ancient Roman Family in the Context of Antiquity
Sojka, Stanisław (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2020)
This article discusses the every-day family life in ancient Rome and its functioning throughout the period of royal, republican, and imperial Rome. The article draws attention to the roles played by Roman family members of antiquity. Positive values cultivated by the ancient family, which are outlined in this essay, might provide a way to understand Roman antiquity through the contemporary lens and provide a postulate of the reflexive human nature in this respect.
The Problem of the Beginning of the World in the Interpretation of Saint Thomas Aquinas
Pabjan, Tadeusz (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2020)
This paper deals with Saint Thomas’s view of the problem of the world’s beginning, which consists in an alleged contradiction between religious truth about the creation of the world by God and Aristotle’s concept of the eternal existence of the world. According to Aquinas, such a contradiction is apparent, because the idea of creation is fundamentally different from the idea of beginning. The discussion of this issue is divided into three parts. At first, the historical background of the whole problem is presented. Then, Saint Thomas’s solution of the difficulty – included in his book De aeternitate mundi – is briefly discussed. Finally, it is argued that this solution can be inspiring for contemporary theologians.
Personality Disorders as a Cause of the Invalidation of Catholic Marriage in Poland
Kraiński, Wiesław (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2020)
Introduction: The institution of marital consent, which is the efficient cause of marriage and its annulment on the grounds of specified personality disorders. Aim of the study: The research objectives of this study are as follows: determining the proportion of cases on the sole ground of mental incapacity to other grounds of marriage annulment, the number of marriage annulment declarations among clients suffering from personality disorders with a differential diagnosis, age and gender determination of the person requesting marriage annulment – determining the average value and the standard deviation, the duration of marriage until its annulment – determining the average value and the standard deviation, the number of cases in which marriage annulment application is submitted by men and women as well as determining the proportion of cases concluding with the declaration of marriage annulment to those concluding with a negative judgement. In the research part of the study the following analysis has been carried out, personality disorders leading to the marriage annulment, distinguishing between gender, the etiology of particular disorders as well as dysfunctional areas demonstrated by court experts concerning both marital and family life. Material and methods: The analysis of psychological opinions extracted from the marriage annulment cases which were considered and judged by the Bishop’s Court in the Diocese of Toruń. The research period stretches over five years between 2012 and 2016,during which court experts in clinical psychology issued their opinions in 156 cases concerning 82 persons. Conclusions: On the basis of the analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn: the age of applicants requesting marriage annulment: Men – M=37,04; SD=7,90; Women – M=34,98; SD=8,07. Duration of marriage until annulment: – M=13,23; SD=8,24. Marriage annulment requests were submitted by 62 men and 94 women. Marriage was declared null and void in 122 cases whereas the negative judgment concerned 36 cases. The conclusions drawn indicate that the predominant disorders resulting in marriage annulment included antisocial personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder as well as dependent personality disorder (DPD). The conclusions drawn clearly show that the predominant disorder resulting in the invalidation of marriage is antisocial personality disorder, closely followed by narcissistic personality disorder and finally by dependent personality disorder. Out of 189 cases processed by the court within the period of five years, 156 of them concern mental incapacities whereas the remaining ones concern other cases of marriage annulment.
Unresolved Childhood Abuse and Neglect in Adulthood: the Emotional Aspect in Relational Family Therapy
Božac, Lidija (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2020)
Childhood family abuse or neglect is a traumatic relational experience with potentially long lasting impact on one’s psycho-organic and interpersonal world. The purpose of our qualitative research was to deepen the understanding of negative trauma impact on adults’ emotional world and to find the ways of recovery through Relational Family Therapy. Seven adults with the history of childhood abuse or neglect participated in the research. The results pointed out potential difficulties in identifying, naming and understanding emotions, differentiating past emotions from the present ones, distinguishing one’s own emotions from the projected ones, issues with experiencing the diversity of emotions, and difficulties with emotion regulation and management. Positive changes in these areas were observed in Relational Family Therapy. The findings of this research are a contribution to the understanding of specific emotional problems of adults with the history of childhood abuse or neglect as well as to therapeutic interventions that could lead to recovery.

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