The Person and the Challenges, 2021, Vol. 11, No. 2
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Pozycja The role of the theory of prototypes in moral thoughtWojtanowska, Weronika (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2021)In this article I attempt to highlight and briefly analyze some problematic aspects of the theory of prototypes and its implications in moral thought. I focus on the issue of moral judgement and the impact of prototypicality on our understanding of moral concepts. The objective of the article is to indicate the significance of the new perspectives opened by the notion of prototype, but also to point out certain difficulties. Some of the problematic questions emerge from the very existence of the prototype structure of categories and concepts; other problems arise with reference to the proposed implications or postulates which are connected with the acknowledgement of the significance of prototypicality. Due to the recognition of the practical dimension of ethics, the main issues are presented through examples of concepts which are commonly used in everyday life, referring to political and social values, traits of character and emotions.Pozycja The Presence of Children on the Market of Commercial Sexual Services as a Response to Deviant Needs of AdultsWójcik, Magdalena (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2021)Sexual needs are one of the essential needs of the human person. At least, in the course of the socialization the individual should aspire to getting the sexual satisfaction in the way adapted for the value and social norms. An unremitting demand for sexual services is an essential problem of the modern world as its demand is leading to this being provided by childrenPozycja An Overview of the Documents of the Archive of Kaunas Benedictine ConventVasiliauskaite, Ausra (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2021)In 2024, Kaunas Benedictine Convent will celebrate its 400th anniversary. Throughout this period, the convent’s existence has not been interrupted. During the Soviet period, from 1948 to 1988, the convent still operated in secret. However, the archives of the convent began to be organized anew at the beginning of the 21st century revealing important documentation not only for the convent, but also for monastic research. It is for this reason that this article aims to present the documents of Kaunas Benedictine Convent’s archive.Pozycja Personal and Social Trust in Contemporary Poland in the Light of Empirical ResearchStala, Józef (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2021)The importance of trust for the development of an individual, social relations and for the development of societies has been emphasised by social, psychological and educational theorists. Personal and social trust towards people is to a great extent bound with emotional involvement. People who are close to one another, especially relatives or friends assume that they act on similar principles. Such assumptions about personal relations make people more open, generous and optimistic. Social trust is gained in the course of various daily, professional and social experiences. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to demonstrates personal and social trust on the basis of the results of the surveys conducted by CBOS (Public Opinion Research Centre in Poland).Pozycja The importance of physical and social activity in the process of positive agingRokicki, Andrzej (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2021)The article aims to draw attention to the importance of physical and social activity in the elderly. It emphasizes the need for the care of one’s physical and intellectual condition. It also accentuates the fact that being needed in the family and maintaining a social life is crucial for each senior. The article also stresses the important role that Pope John Paul II fulfilled in intergenerational relations. Peaceful and happy aging is largely dependent on making young people and seniors aware that we must take care of our health in advance, and that it is never too late to be active.Pozycja Presentation of a multi-author monograph entitled A healthy and strong family as the foundation of society edited by Rev. Józef Stala, Krakow 2019, pp. 233, ISBN 978-83-7438-760-6Mąkosa, Paweł (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2021)Pozycja Report from the research conference “Polish-Jewish relations in the 20th century. Research-Controversies-Perspectives. New research challenges”, Kielce, July 6, 2020Lisak, Mateusz (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2021)Pozycja The importance of the School of Journalism of the Catholic Church in the system of the reform in Francoist SpainJaroszyk, Joanna (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2021)This article deals with the issues of educating journalists during the Franco regime in Spain and the place occupied by the School of Journalism of the Catholic Church in this system. The first years of dictatorship were characterized by a strong subordination of education and occupation to the current interests of the state, which regulated access to the profession and education only within the framework of the State School of Journalism. In the second half of the 50’s there was a gradual liberalization of the system, consisting in the gradual admission of other entities to the organization of vocational education of journalists, especially the Catholic Church. This allowed for the launch in 1960 of the School of Journalism of the Catholic Church, the functioning of which was the first manifestation of the regime’s gradual withdrawal from state supervision over the process of educating journalists. The Catholic Church School referred to the pre-war, excellent traditions of the journalism school organized by the Catholic daily El Debate, becoming a kind of counterweight to the regime’s State School of Journalism. The competition between schools (although still slight at that time) contributed to an increase in the quality of education. The emphasis on the completion of general education or the design of curricula taking into account the development of information technology made it possible to equip students with competences required in the labour market, which previously could only be obtained to a greater or lesser extent in practice.Pozycja Bericht über die gesamtpolnische Wissenschaftskonferenz: “W służbie społeczeństwu. Polska w obronie praw człowieka na świecie i w kraju” (Im Dienst an der Gesellschaft. Polen bei der Verteidigung der Menschenrechte auf der Welt und im eigenen Land), Krakau, 29. November 2019Jach, Michał (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2021)Pozycja Liebe aus dem Internet. Tinder-App als Herausforderung für die pastorale Tätigkeit der KircheGajda, Tomasz (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2021)The contemporary, expansive development of the Internet and all kinds of mobile tools has changed all areas of human life. Food, health, entertainment, work, social and family ties – all this and many other areas of life are woven into virtual reality. This has also affected the way of getting to know the chosen ones in life. The mobile world has been offering many digital dating tools to seek love of one’s life”. One of them is the “Tinder” mobile application. It is this tool that the article examines, first by analyzing the phenomenon of this invention and its popularity in the context of social sciences, then by discussing it in the perspective of pastoral theology. In the sections of the article, the author presents the following issues: what Tinder consists of; the usage statistics for this tool; the philosophical-sociological background of online-dating; the characteristics of the generation of Tinder users and – finally – the challenges and inspirations Tinder presents to the pastoral care of the Church.Pozycja Open-Access Academic Articles Requires Peer-Review Makeover: Consistency Is the KeyOstafiński, Witold (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2021)The internet has greatly altered the way that people and institutions communicate. One of the most recent changes is the growth of the Open Access (OA) model, where research articles are provided free of charge to readers online. Such changes are having a domino effect on traditional communication. In most cases, articles in professional journals have been evaluated by a strict peer-review system. However, due to the inherent problems with these peer reviews, such as the length of time it takes referees to complete their analysis and the reviewer’s personal biases and potential unethical behavior, there is a growing consensus that a different review method needs to be developed for OA articles. In addition, the internet has led to the development of many new professional journals, which range from poor to excellent, based on the articles accepted. Unfortunately, some journals are being published solely for monetary gain from high author fees. Presently, different review methods are being suggested or implemented for articles, such as ranking systems, online commentaries and crowdsourcing, Also, various institutions are publishing lists that rate academic journals on their quality level. Such experimentation of review models is important. However, after the trial period, the primary OA sources need to agree on using the same review model. Consistency of evaluation is critical for readers to be able to make objective comparisons of scholastic articles from one OA site to another.Pozycja The concept of the personal and axiological experience in the philosophy of K. Wojtyła – John Paul II: a starting point of philosophical anthropologyKrzanowski, Jerzy (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2021)Philosophy, which reflects different anthropological solutions and theories of humanity, considered in the perspective of Christian philosophical anthropology in Poland, is the Thomistic phenomenology of action of K. Wojtyła – John Paul II. In this philosophical concept the starting point is the personal and axiological experience. It is analysis of the acts of conscious action. Act reveals the person (the moral significance of the person). Widely understood Wojtyla’s Personalism is a chance of a creative meeting for two philosophies – from Lublin and Cracow. The more the use of his thoughts, the more developed they become.Pozycja Accessing the Political Press of the Second Polish Republic on the InternetKristanova, Evelina (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2021)Digital libraries provide an easy and convenient source of data for journalistic academic research. In this paper, the author answers the question of whether the most well-known socio-political Polish press titles published between 1918 and 1939 are available online and to what extent they are fully digitised and accessible in digital libraries. Through media content analysis and the press content analysis methods of Walery Pisarek, all the digital resources available for an ordinary Internet user were browsed. The main role of the analysis was to establish which journals and periodicals were published weekly and as daily newspapers. Also, the nature and political leanings of press publications were taken into consideration (each press title was usually associated with a particular party). At the same time, the texts were profiled as regional, national, Catholic, etc. Finally, an attempt to develop a typology of the given titles is made.Pozycja Ius patronatus as viewed by Edward RittnerKantor, Robert (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2021)Patronage can be defined as a group of privileges and duties granted by ecclesiastical authorities to the faithful who founded a church, chapel or benefice and to those who acquired this right from them. This is how Prof. Edward Rittner, the Rector of the University of Lviv, understood this concept. This article, entitled “Ius patronatus as viewed by Edward Rittner”, presents the notion of patronage itself, as well as related issues, such as: the ways of patronage acquisition, the possibilities of patronage transfer, the content of ius patroantus and finally the ways of patronage expiration. This article is based on Prof. Rittner’s lecture contained in his textbook “Prawo kościelne katolickie” (in English: Catholic Ecclesiastical Law), volume I, fourth edition from Lviv dated 1912.Pozycja Jewish thinkers of the 20th century. In search of identity – Franz KafkaUrban, Marek (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2021)Franz Kafka’s life and work have been the subject of many research papers. While the interpreters of his works knew that he was a Jew, they did not always fully realize the significance of this fact. Some would treat this issue as a marginal one, failing to see that it was the pivot of his existence and work. Kafka kept wandering about in search of his own identity. As a lost agnostic who “lapsed” from the hand of God, lived without Him in the darkness of atheism and tried to discern His light, Franz Kafka was not really dependent on any specific religious denomination. However, Judaism is so strongly related to the Mosaic revelation – like Christianity is related to Christ’s Revelation – that it cannot be here omitted or forgotten, as this would result in some misunderstandings. In a sense it is impossible to separate the fact of being Jewish from the religion. Kafka’s life, as well as his writing, resulted from his continual reference to the Absolute. There are two worlds far removed from each other: the world of spirit and the world of man. Kafka believed that there is a world of that which is spiritual, absolute, pure, true, unchanging and indestructible – the world devoid of sin, but full of perfection; therefore, there exists that which man tends to encapsulate in the concept of God.Pozycja Psychology of the complainantsTománek, Pavol; Knošková, Eliška; Drgová, Jaroslava; Knošková, Monika (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2021)The article deals with the personal handling of complaints by participants in court proceedings (in rare cases it also includes those citizens who do not have such legal status as the public). The aim is to define, analyze and describe the personal characteristics of the complainants, to specify what inspires, motivates and leads them to communicate the complaint in person, directly in interaction with the court manager, and court staff by this atypical procedure before, during and after court proceedings, in addition to a written complaint. The management of complaints and the case law of complaints are based in particular on the provisions of § 62 et seq. Act no. 757/2004 Coll. on courts as amended (exceptionally also from Act No. 9/2010 Coll. on complaints as amended). On the one hand, it is a description of the basic characteristics of the applicants’ mental state, communication, behavior and conduct, and on the other hand, it is also a description/study of the managerial activity of the court employees. The article clarifies the peculiarity of the above-mentioned method used to settle the parties in dispute before the courts, but outside the court proceedings one finds that the complainants are absent from the social, health and legal counseling service provided by state or private sectors before the sitting. These areas are to some extent, eventually more or less covered by courts of the Slovak Republic by personally accepting and addressing the complainants. The public is generally unaware of this, but the professionals consider/understand this activity as a protopype (basis) of family court formation or a return to classical counseling from the beginning of the 21st century.Pozycja Report from the All-Polish Conference “Far from the Centre. August 1980 in the South of Poland in the Light of Actions of the Communist Party and Security Service”, Katowice, 24–25 September 2020Opulski, Rafał (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2021)Pozycja Social care services for the homeless people based on the attitudes of residents towards homelessnessLudvigh Cintulová, Lucia (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2021)There is no Strategic Plan for tackling and preventing homelessness in Slovakia, which exacerbates the unsystematic process of social services for homeless people. For this reason, we point out the positives and negatives of the whole system. The research focuses on mapping the current situation of homelessness and describes the aid system under the auspices of the non-profit sector. The participants in the research were social and street workers who provide care and counseling for the homeless on an outpatient basis, on a residential basis or directly in the street where they live.