Studia Bydgoskie, 2011, Tom 5

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Co z tą własnością? Moralne dylematy dotyczące własności
Gocko, Jerzy (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2011)
The article presents a historical and systematic approach to major ethical questions on the nature of ownership. Any moral reflection on the issue is frameworked by the right to private property on the one hand, which the Church regards as one of the natural rights, and the principle of the common destiny of goods (destinatio communis) on the other. Both principles also point to the dual nature of ownership: its individual character, which serves a person’s good and helps satisfy human needs; as well as its social aspect, which has public good in mind. The principles along with the supreme principle of the dignity of the human person provide foundations for numerous detailed moral norms that regulate the nature of ownership. Their formulation was facilitated among others by reflections on the theology of the creation, the biblical tradition of jubilees (jubilee years), the dispute over usury and numerous references to the social teachings of the Church ranging from Leo XIII’s encyclical Rerum Novarum to Benedict XVI’s encyclical Caritas in Veritate.
Sumienie katolickiego parlamentarzysty. Legislacyjne dylematy moralne w świetle rozumu i wiary
Olczyk, Maciej (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2011)
The teachings of the last Vatican Council clearly stressed the importance of having a right conscience in shaping community life. People’s conscience affects not only their personal choices, but also contributes to forming the social ethos of their communities through conscientious engagement in various aspects of public life. An important form of public involvement is the work of parliamentary members in law making. While considering the activities of Catholic MPs, we frequently ask whether they ought to be guided by their conscience in the process of making civil law. Should they be guided by those values which they share as believers in Christ? Or perhaps should they yield to a kind of schizophrenia and use their conscience in private lives only, while adopting other criteria during legislative procedures? This article aims to answer this and other similar questions. If members of parliament really wish to conscientiously serve their voters, they should not promote those bills which stand in sharp contrast to reason and human dignity. This – a responsible task for lawmakers – should constantly be filled with a moral imperative in their conscience shaped by such criteria of good that truly serve the integral development of individuals and entire communities.
Struktura moralnego postępowania w etyce Romana Ingardena
Meliński, Tomasz (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2011)
The issues discussed in the article form part of the research on the phenomenological ethics of value. The main goal of this paper is to present the structure of the moral act. The starting point for our consideration is a presentation of the conditions necessary for a moral value to come into existence, both positive and negative ones. Despite the fact that the research results presented in this section are not ultimate, they may supplement traditional ethical indications and even provide an alternative to them, especially in the dispute on the sources of morality. In order to grasp the essence of moral conduct, the author briefly discuses selected moral attitudes such as bravery, honesty and forgiveness. As a result, it is easier to discern the fundamental postulate of axiological ethics, which is an individual person’s reference to the world of values. The article deals with those values which have an essential significance for morality. The article then moves on to discuss the division of human behaviour. This contains both subjective and objective aspects. Within the subjective approach, a special role in moral conduct is attributed to personal experiences. A close inspection of the role of experiences in morality reveals a ‘wanting attitude’ which – separated from the experiences – forms the core of the moral act. With regard to this issue, the author provides several important distinctions including that between ‘wish’ and ‘want’, which often go unnoticed unfortunately. The author’s analysis of the ‘wanting attitude’ draws attention to the role of motivation in moral conduct. In the moral judgement of an act it is essential to consider the type of motivation. A positive moral value arises when the human being acts in accordance with a morally significant value. On the other hand, a negative moral value is manifested in the preference of a subjectively pleasing value merely. Naturally, noble conduct does not require a radical elimination of all personal motives. What is important is that they should remain subordinated to objective significance. The entire consideration ends with an insight into the final stage of moral conduct, considered mainly in subjective perspective. The quality and type of experiences, which are directly linked to the morality of conduct, also need to be taken into account while determining the moral quality of the act. Finally, issues such as forgetting, negligence and omission of the act are also briefly presented.
Dystansowanie się wierzących wobec swojego Kościoła. Próba zrozumienia zjawiska
Salij, Jacek (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2011)
The article points to three causes of this trend today: 1. Crisis in people’s faith in Jesus Christ. Today many Catholics regard Christ as a vaguely defined transcendental code rather than the Son of God and the Saviour. As a result, the “yes to Christ, no to the Church” approach often emerges and is backed by individualism, an attitude characteristic of our times. Consequently, Church membership becomes a question of cultural identity rather than an essential religious fact. 2. The tendency to reduce faith to the level of belief. This decreases sensitivity to religious truth and results in a selective approach towards the Church’s faith and morality. As a consequence, religious practices are radically reduced and religious celebrations become as rare as those in ancient pagan religions. 3. The constant defamation of the Church observed since the Enlightenment period. Stereotypes present the Church as if it were a criminal organization. In social consciousness the Church, which has long been part of local communities, is blamed for many of those historical faults that lie with the entire society. The mass media make headline news of evil acts committed by people related to the Church, frequently exaggerating them and sometimes even creating so-called media facts, which have never taken place. Thus, for many Catholics open admission to Church membership is not easy.
Komu potrzebne jest nauczanie społeczne Kościoła?
Szczepaniak, Sławomir (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2011)
Today the Church is often accused of interfering in social issues as if public life were reserved only for a rational approach devoid of any references to religious values. The Church responds to this accusation by claiming the human person as a whole – with his body and spirit – requires care and revival. Therefore, the Church cannot remain silent about social issues, all the more so as today’s society is in a state of unique susceptibility, confusion and anxiety resulting from the loss of the meaning of life. Its social doctrine, which stresses the need for personal and social fulfillment at the same time, may provide a remedy to the ailments of modern social life.
Biblia i kultura
Starowieyski, Marek (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2011)
The Bible is the most frequently translated and studied book in the world. As far as its translations are concerned, these often provided starting points for the literature of a nation, for example that of Armenia. Furthermore, the Bible has often been translated by the world’s foremost writers and those translations rank among the most outstanding literary masterpieces of nations. The Scriptures can be regarded from the point of view of religion (naturally, the most important meaning), history and literature, but also from the perspective of their influence on various aspects of life including culture in its broad sense – thus both on art and language. It does not mean, however, that those different viewpoints are contradictory – in fact, they are usually complementary. If we consider art, the Bible has always been a source of inspiration not only for Christian artists of all denominations, but also for Jews and non-believers. Artists selected those elements from the Scriptures which they considered important, even though they were not always significant from a theological point of view. The Bible was studied and commented upon in the Church, hence its influence on language. The liturgy used Bible-based religious songs; this led to the emergence of biblical music, which then left churches and became great concert works. Churches required artistic decorations; as a result, religious and biblical art appeared, which also left churches afterwards. The Scriptures used to inspire writers and poets, who composed works based on biblical motifs or with Bible-related titles. Finally, biblical subject matter appeared in film and even in ballet. Therefore, we may say the Bible has always provided the matrix for European culture and constituted its significant component, and its knowledge is key to understanding culture. All those issues are discussed in the book Tradycje biblijne (“Biblical Traditions”) Kraków 2011 (published by PETRUS), p. 518, with a foreword by Cardinal Gianfranco Ravasi. The presentation of the book in Bydgoszcz provided an opportunity to deliver this lecture.
Marek Karczewski, Reinterpretacja Księgi Rodzaju w Apokalipsie św. Jana, Biblioteka Wydziału Teologii Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego, Olsztyn 2010, ss. 256.
Podeszwa, Paweł (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2011)
Katecheza biblijna w parafii. Wykorzystanie metody katechetycznej ks. Alberta Höfera
Gogolik, Mirosław (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2011)
A close inspection of the present-day pastoral reflection and teaching of the Church’s Magisterium reveals a great concern for the shape, character and tasks of parish congregations in the Catholic Church. Apart from numerous functions and tasks, a lot of attention is paid to the catechetical service which the parish renders and is held responsible for. In this way, the vision of the Church of early days, where religious teaching took place within the framework of the community, a congregation of believers, comes to life. This study aims to present the role of the parish catchesis in the Church’s contemporary activities as well as the dimension of the biblical catechesis in its various forms addressed to different age groups of believers. Undoubtedly, an auxiliary role here is played by Albert Höfer’s biblical catechesis method, based on the assumptions of the kerygmatic catechesis and Gestalt Pedagogy, which introduces those receiving catechetical instruction into the biblical world, allows them to meet the Scriptures, and thus to meet the personal God Himself, as well as encourages them to experience the meeting integrally in their daily lives.
Kościół a młodzież z czasów popkultury. Obawy i nadzieje
Okońska, Elżbieta (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2011)
Pop culture affects the way young people see the world and adopt different values. It is also one of the main factors shaping the identity of the young generation. Youth is marked by a search for identity and by the shaping of attitudes towards various institutions, both those existing and under formation, including the Church. What is then the framework of possibilities open to educators – thus priests as well – while operating in the world of pop culture, which is often the only area for activity on the part of a young person? At present we usually observe the negative influence of mass media and pop culture on teenagers; two cases in point are early sexual initiation and experiments with alcohol or other psychoactive substances. However, it is noteworthy that there are several levels of adapting pop culture to suit the educational needs of young people. The article focuses on those methods with special emphasis given to categories such as language; image; advertising and promotion; music; authorities and idols; as well as body, femininity and masculinity.
Jeden świat wiele kultur. Dialog kultur, cywilizacji, religii w dobie globalizacji. Relacja z konferencji naukowej, która odbyła się w dniach 27–28 października 2011 r. w Bydgoszczy
Kuciński, Mariusz (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2011)
Związki zawodowe w świetle nauczania społecznego Kościoła
Szareyko, Henryk (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2011)
The social teachings of the Catholic Church on trade unions is based on the teachings of several popes of recent times, including Leo XIII, Pius XI, Pius XII, John XXIII and John Paul II, later developed by social thinkers. According to the Catholic social doctrine, a trade union can be defined as an autonomous association of workers aimed at the good of working people by protecting their interests, by allowing them to participate in the activities of their company, branch and community, and by shaping their moral and social attitudes. Therefore, the basic features of a trade union include ergatocentrism, independence and self-government. The first means a focus of attention on the working person (from the Greek word ergatos meaning “worker”). The second is lack of pressure from other institutions of social life that might compromise the independence of workers’ associations. The self-government of trade unions can be described as their ability to perform statutory duties that streamline and regulate internal organisational matters. As the social teachings of the Church provide, trade unions perform revindicative, participative and educational functions. The last consists in shaping moral and professional attitudes as well as conducting various educational and cultural activities. The documents which define the Church’s social doctrine refer to the most characteristic methods of trade union operation with special attention to the three fundamental principles of social life – subsidiarity, common good and solidarity. These include negotiations, industrial action and propaganda. It must be noted that the Church stresses negotiations as that method of trade union operation which best serves social partnership as well as cooperation between employees and employers, thus contributes to social dialogue and hence to common good.
Słuchanie i głoszenie Słowa Bożego podstawą posługi duszpasterskiej w świetle „Verbum Domini” Benedykta XVI
Chyła, Janusz (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2011)
Human words affect the lives of individuals, societies and the entire world. Their power is derived from the Word of God. In his exhortation Verbum Domini Pope Benedict XVI puts God’s Word in the framework of a symphony. This symphony can have both a verbal and implicit form, but it always refers to a person. Paraphrasing the famous Cartesian axiom, we might say: Dico ergo sum (I speak, therefore I am). However, in terms of the order of creation and salvation this postulate is as follows: Dicor ergo sum (I am spoken, therefore I am). We are indeed expressed by God and thus called to listen to His Word and then respond to it. The present-day lack of faith in the efficacy of the proclaimed Word leads to activist attitudes which appear to be more effective. Although the Church requires a practical approach in various areas, what it needs the most is the Word – the Logos – which brings hope against the temptations of despair. The Word of God reaches the world via preaching, the Holy Sacraments, everyday life, culture, art and the mass media. Saints and above all Our Lady have mastered the ability to listen to God’s Word, proclaim it and live by it. Therefore, imitating them should constitute the essence of preparation for the priesthood and future pastoral work. Clearly, fulfilment of the priestly ministry is a visible and audible sign of the Word of God.
Bp Zbigniew Kiernikowski, W mocy słowa i sakramentu. Biblijne inspiracje współczesnego duszpasterstwa, Rozprawy i Studia Biblijne (RSB) 40, Oficyna Wydawnicza „Vocatio”, Warszawa 2011, ss. 622.
Chrostowski, Marcin (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2011)
Anna Lewicka-Strzałecka, Nędza korupcji, Wydawnictwo SALWATOR, Kraków 2011, ss. 104.
Głuszak, Tomasz (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2011)
Naród w nauczaniu kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego
Bilicki, Lech (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2011)
Having performed the function of primate for 33 years, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński has come down in the history of both the Church and Poland. As a person of unquestionable authority, he voiced his opinions on ecclesiastical and national issues. It was his standpoint on nation that provided the subject of the lecture given at the Theological Seminary in Bydgoszcz at the inauguration ceremony of the academic year 2011/2012. The concept of nation presented at the lecture demonstrates his strong ties with the Church on the one hand and reveals a unique theology of nation expressed by the Church on the other. This bond was clearly manifested and further shaped through the implementation of a pastoral programme known as the Grand Novena held prior to the Christian millennial celebrations in Poland, which highlighted the major points of Primate Wyszyński’s theology and pedagogy towards the nation.
Duszpasterstwo biblijne w archidiecezji gnieźnieńskiej. Dzieło Biblijne im. Jana Pawła II (2006–2011)
Podeszwa, Paweł (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2011)
Pope Benedict XVI’s exhortation Verbum Domini reminded all the Church communities of the need to develop Bible-focused pastoral work. Following the guidelines of the Synod on the Word of God in the Life and the Mission of the Church, the pope encourages clergy and lay people to undertake this effort and expresses a deep conviction that “making the Bible the inspiration of every ordinary and extraordinary pastoral outreach will lead to a greater awareness of the person of Christ, who reveals the Father and is the fullness of divine revelation”. The article presents various Bible-inspired activities devised and implemented in the Archdiocese of Gniezno in 2006-2011, and included the following programmes: 1. The Word of God School; 2. biblical retreat and workshops for catechists; 3. St Paul’s Year; 4. Archdiocesan Biblical Days; 5. biblical competitions; 6. other activities. All those initiatives may provide an inspiration, or even a suggestion, for other diocesan moderators and indicate possible areas of effective cooperation so as to return to the Bible while conducting all forms of pastoral care ministry.
Cierpienie zwierząt w kontekście etyki chrześcijańskiej
Sprutta, Justyna (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2011)
Nowadays animal torment is considered a sin. Today animals also have their rights, for example the right to respect and right to care. Consent to animal torment had, and often still has, its sources in misinterpreted biblical orders and in the views of certain outstanding thinkers (for example St. Thomas of Aquinas, Descartes and N. de Malebranche). The problem of needless animal suffering requires a reconsideration in the context of Christian ethics. While creating nature, thus animals as well, God provided it with great dignity, which we should respect and not destroy. Therefore every person should be responsible for nature, and thus for animals as well, since nature has also been called to participate in the glory of God.
Zasada odpłaty w Księdze Malachiasza
Dogondke, Dariusz (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2011)
The doctrine of retribution is a generally accepted and used theological concept that describes the mentality of those who believed that careful obedience to God’s law should lead to reward, whereas disobedience should end up in punishment. Reward and punishment were defined first and foremost in terms of worldly retribution and linked to divine justice. It was only later on that the possibility of retribution after death was taken into account. This issue is present in all types of books of the Old and New Testaments. This exegetical study deals with the doctrine of retribution in the Book of Malachi. The article stresses the prophet’s specific approach to the concept, which is known as the principle of reciprocity. This approach is demonstrated in Malachi’s fifth oracle; then in the book’s epilogue, which says of turning the hearts of the fathers to their children, and the hearts of the children to their fathers; and finally in the second oracle, where the contempt of God Himself shown by the priests and Levites leads to the contempt they themselves receive from the people. Minor issues in the Book of Malachi containing the principle of reciprocity include love and choice in the prophet’s first oracle, as well as changelessness and uprightness in the fifth oracle. All this ends with a discussion of punishment and reward in the last oracle, bearing in mind this one is clearly different. The study suggests further search for the principle of reciprocity within the framework of the doctrine of retribution present in the Bible.
Logos i etos a integracja człowieka
Jucewicz, Antoni (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2011)
The article focuses on logos and ethos in the context of the integration of the human person. The analysis presented here leads to a perception of man as a rational being in search of the truth of his existence. Personal fulfillment finds its expression on two levels – ideological and ethical. The former depends on man’s discovery of his meaning of life; the latter is based on doing the good which reflects the truth about the human person. Those who do not discover the meaning of their lives and do not follow the ethical order are prone to a grave existential crisis. The article points to strong inseparable connections between logos, ethos and psyche. Therefore, psychotherapy needs to rely on the human person’s spiritual foundations. Personalistic and axiological psychotherapy meets this requirement. In this context, Christian faith is demonstrated as a key factor in human integration both on ideological and practical levels. Those Christians who, in the spirit of their faith, adopt an attitude of openness to the absolute and ultimate meaning of their lives experience strengthening in their existence. Through the power of the Holy Spirit they undergo an ethical metamorphosis. They receive new forms of existence and love, as well as a new dimension in moral life: supernatural morality.
Wokół patronatu św. Wojciecha i ruchu pielgrzymkowego w Gnieźnie
Śmigiel, Kazimierz (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2011)
Despite numerous historical publications on St Adalbert, new research problems continue to emerge. The commonly accepted belief in the Roman origins of the Sancti Adalberti Pragensis Episcopi et Martyris Vita Prior or the “First Life of St Adalbert, Bishop of Prague and Martyr” (999) has recently been questioned with suggestions that the text must have been written north of the Alps in Aachen. The young emperor Otto III, who was a friend of St Adalbert, introduced him into European ‘heaven’ after his canonization in 999 by founding several churches dedicated to the saint in major centres within the empire (among others in Aachen and Rome). The cult reached its climax on a European scale in the year 1000. After the emperor’s premature death, there was no one to promote devotion to St Adalbert and his role as a patron saint was reduced to Central and Eastern European countries, where he had to compete with strong dynastic cults. Boleslaus the Brave ‘s rule introduced the saint into Polish ‘heaven’ and his hagiographic monopoly lasted until the canonization of St Stanislaus of Szczepanów (13th century). Since then Adalbert has been a co-patron saint of Poland. The changes after 1989 opened up new ways to internationalize the cult of St Adalbert. The pontificate of Pope John Paul II provided a good opportunity for this, but the idea to raise the martyr to the rank of co-patron saint of Europe has never been carried out. This is still an open issue. The millennium of St Adalbert’s death provided a stimulus to the recognition of his patronage on a European scale. Clearly, the process is worth studying on the basis of pilgrimage tourism to the martyr’s tomb in Gniezno.

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