The Person and the Challenges, 2023, Vol. 13, No. 1

Stały URI dla kolekcjihttps://theo-logos.pl/handle/123456789/24865

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Optimism and Life Satisfaction of Poles during the Second and Fourth Waves of the COVID-19 pandemic
Biel, Krzysztof; Twardowska-Staszek, Estera; Rostek, Irmina (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
The COVID-19 pandemic undoubtedly has had a negative impact on human psychological wellbeing, as confirmed by numerous studies. Positive psychology identifies optimism and life satisfaction as important factors having to do with the psychological wellbeing of individuals. This article aims to diagnose the level of optimism and life satisfaction of Poles during the 2nd and 4th waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to identify predictors of optimistic life orientation and life satisfaction in terms of demographic variables. The study was conducted on a group of 1,095 people using the snowball method, via social media. The results confirm a reduction in the level of optimism and life satisfaction of Poles during the COVID-19 pandemic. At the same time, the research confirms that resources such as marriage, having children, good education and stable work enhance a person’s level of psychological wellbeing and become a guarantee for better coping during the pandemic.
Anthropological Aspects of the Theology of Marriage and the Family in the Light of the Insights of Saint John Paul II
Danilevičius, Eugenijus (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
The article analyses the anthropology of the theology of marriage and the family, presents the foundations of the Christian anthropology of gender, describes the concept of marital love, and introduces the foundations of the theology of indissolubility of marriage and the meaning and mission of marriage using philosophical and theological scientific literature, the writings of John Paul II, the Holy Scripture and the documents of the Magisterium of the Catholic Church. The following lines of further research are anticipated: the family as a small domestic church, the principles of the religious education of children in the family, and the family as a place of vocational disclosure. The conclusions of this theoretical study are presented.
Axionormative Determinants of Social Entrepreneurship in View of the Principles of Catholic Social Teaching
Zadroga, Adam (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
The role of Catholic social teaching has been attributed to the promotion of moral values and principles that should be considered when establishing or evaluating a given social, economic, or political system. This also applies to smaller structures, specific institutions, concepts, and practical social solutions, which may include social entrepreneurship. The article aims to confirm the hypothesis that, taking into account the principles of Catholic social teaching in the process of discovering the axionormative determinants of social entrepreneurship allows its deeper understanding and more effective implementation of its praxeological goals. At the beginning of the paper, the author emphasises the common source of all general and specific axionormative criteria of the two analysed disciplines – the dignity of a human person. Further deliberations revolve around other values and principles, such as the value of human work and entrepreneurship, the common good, the universal destination of goods, the preferential option for the poor, solidarity, subsidiarity, and participation.
Mixed Marriages of Poles in England and Wales, 2007–2020: A Preliminary Sociological Analysis
Kozak, Jarosław; Fel, Stanisław (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
The aim of the article is to present the scale and characteristics of the phenomenon of church marriages by Poles who migrated to England and Wales. The phenomenon of heterogamous relationships has grown over the last several decades due to factors such as the expansion of the community of European Union member states, globalization processes, and the resulting diversity of the population of migrants. The article is focused mainly on religious mixed marriages. The empirical material consisted of data from the records of the largest organization of the Polish community in Britain. The authors analysed the data of 25,530 marriages of Poles living in England and Wales, registered between 2007 and 2020, including 2,922 mixed religions marriages.
Polish Catholic Press. A Bibliographical and Informational Review
Kristanova, Evelina (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
The author’s intention was to recall the definition, genesis and development of the Polish Catholic press in various historical and political periods by reviewing the available literature on the subject. The emergence of Catholic-oriented periodicals in Poland dates back to the first half of the 19th century during the partitions, while significant development took place after the Second Polish Republic regained independence. The first years of the People’s Republic of Poland were characterised by illusory democratic freedoms, which is why new Catholic periodicals were established. An important turning point came in 1953, when almost all periodicals published by the Catholic Church were closed. Between 1953 and 1956, the editorship of Tygodnik Powszechny was taken over by the PAX Association, which collaborated with the Communist authorities, with the aim of dividing Catholic circles. During the political thaw, some titles were reinstated, although their content was still subject to strict censorship. The democratic changes of 1989 brought in the free market, which in turn became a financial challenge for Catholic editorial boards. Due to a lack of funds, the longstanding Przegląd Powszechny ceased its publications in 2012. The article is an informative and bibliographical review and shows the correlation between the development of the press and changing political conditions. The analysis results in a fragmentary study of the selected press segment.
Emotional Experience and Consequences of Growing Up in a Family with Alcoholism in Adult Children of Alcoholics
Simonič, Barbara; Osewska, Elżbieta (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
Adult children of alcoholics are adults who spent a part of, or their whole childhood in a dysfunctional family, where the biggest problem was alcohol addiction in one or both parents. In families with parental alcoholism, there is usually a lot of dysfunction in interpersonal relationships and in the upbringing of the children, which does not provide a healthy and optimal developmental environment for the child. There is often physical and psychological violence, and other forms of abuse and neglect that children perceive as traumatic. All this leaves the child with severe consequences, which they also struggle with in adulthood. Unresolved and traumatic childhood content often remains repressed and unprocessed and helps shape one’s functioning in adulthood, which is frequently emotionally and socially immature. Adult children of alcoholics often have problems in experiencing and regulating their emotions, as they had to carry many emotional burdens in a dysfunctional family, while they had no real opportunity for the healthy development of emotional regulation. The article will present research on the emotional experience of children with their alcoholic parents and how they recognize related consequences in their adult lives. Using the content analysis method, we analyzed 71 anonymous forum posts on the counselling forum on the topic “Adult children of alcoholics.” The directed approach to content analysis was used to validate forum posts by people who described their childhood experiences with an alcoholic parent. We identified parts of the content that fell into two predetermined categories: emotional experience in childhood with an alcoholic parent and the experience of its consequences in adulthood. The results showed that the adult children of alcoholics mostly experienced severe feelings of fear, shame, sadness and disgust with their alcoholic parents in their childhood, and that these feelings have remained unprocessed. In adulthood, they struggle with negative consequences in the personal sphere (e.g. poor self-esteem, inferiority, anxiety, depression), in interpersonal relationships (e.g. problems in partnerships, mistrust, social phobia, parental stress, complicated relationships with parents) and in everyday functioning (e.g. coping with one’s own addiction, dysfunctional behavioural patterns), but they also recognize that because of this experience they have managed to lay the foundations of their lives differently and better. The results confirm that children are hidden victims of parental alcoholism and justify the need for psychosocial and therapeutic support even in their adulthood.
If There is No Religion: L. Kołakowski’s Defence of the Sacred. Part 2 a polemic
Bochenek, Krzysztof; Mordka, Cezary; Stala, Józef (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
The article is an argument with the main theses presented by L. Kołakowski in his vision of religion. The discussion, which considers the strengths of the Polish philosopher’s analyses, concerns the distinction between empiricism and transcendentalism, the epistemological status of empirical sciences and broadly understood naturalisms, as well as the question of metaphysical horror as understood by L. Kołakowski. The text analyses the anthropological argument and the specificity of religion with its personal trust, the specificity of human existence, the experience of the sacred-profane and the importance of religion for human existence. The conclusion presents a further perspective for the analysis of the phenomenon of religion.
The Cult of Franz Joseph I and the Imperial Family in the Schools of Autonomous Galicia
Juśko, Edmund; Pelczar, Roman (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
The autonomy gained by Galicia in 1 867 and its practical effects, la rgely contributed to the emergence of a specific cult of the Austro-Hungarian Emperor Franz Joseph I. The myth of the “good ruler” began to function in Galician society.1 The Habsburg family, i.e. his ancestors and the ruler’s family, were also part of the cult. School, education, and upbringing played an important role in developing emotional attitudes towards the monarch. Numerous school celebrations to honour the emperor, his ancestors and family members, as well as the ones connected to the history of the monarchy, were intended to systematically instil in the pupils respect and appreciation for the ruler and the state. School textbooks did the same. Furthermore, the Emperor’s visits to various schools in Galicia, which took a very solemn and festive form, reinforced this cult. Franz Joseph I and his family also appeared in other circumstances, for example as patrons and benefactors of schools. The dissemination of the cult of the Emperor among Galician youth was supervised by the central Galician educational authority in the form of the National School Council.
L’approccio pastorale dialogico alla luce del Sinodo
Kraner, David (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
The study sheds light on the problem of communication in the Church and proposes a model of dialogical communication based on data analysis. It must be in harmony with the content of speculative theology, but at the same time it must meet the linguistic needs of the present time. Pope Francis, with the Synod, is channeling many changes in the right direction. Empirical analyses of media coverage of representations of the Catholic Church, provide further support for this theme. On the one hand, we have the press in Slovenia, which is saturated with news about the Church, and on the other hand, we have Radio and Television, which are undernourished. Often, the Church is presented along with celebrities, celebrations, politics and charity work. If we take into consideration the dialogical model of communication, these issues can be entry points for better and more qualitative communication.
A Report from the International Academic Conference “We Cherish Family Life” (“Pielęgnujemy życie rodzinne”) organised by the Pontifical University of John Paul II in Krakow and Polskie Stowarzyszenie Familiologiczne, Krakow, 21–22 October 2022
Osewska, Elżbieta (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
Spiritual Theology: The Contribution of Edith Stein
Zyzak, Wojciech (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
The author of the article studies the spirituality of Edith Stein. He presents Edith Stein’s contribution to the methodology of spiritual theology, her anthropological and theological vision, her evolution of the religious experience, the life of prayer and call to mysticism. Edith Stein carried out research which today would be regarded as being interdisciplinary. Her reflections have a huge influence on the methodology of the theology of spirituality. The spirituality of the Cross which Stein writes about in compliance with the classic masters, nowadays may be an adjustment to the incarnational spirituality, in her overly optimistic view on the usage of creatures and taking for granted the spiritual value of suffering.
Monograph Review: Elżbieta Osewska, Rodzina i szkoła w Polsce wobec współczesnych wyzwań wychowawczych [The Family and School in Poland: Contemporary Educational Challenges], Kraków 2020
Stala, Józef (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
Doctor Crucis. The Criteria for Conferral of the Title of Doctor of the Church and their Application to the Case of Edith Stein. Part I
Guerrero van der Meijden, Jadwiga (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
Edith Stein is widely recognised as a saint, a martyr, a victim of the Holocaust and a female philosopher – but can she be a Doctor of the Church? So far, thirty-seven figures, including four women, carry the title due to their so-called ‘eminent doctrines’, eminentes doctrinae. For centuries, a procedural difficulty existed in awarding the titles to martyrs, however, in the second decade of the 21st century, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints reached a conclusion that martyrdom is not, in principle, an obstacle in awarding the title. A question, therefore, can be posed: does the legacy of someone among the Christian martyrs fulfill the criteria of the Church’s Doctorate? The aim of this article is to investigate the criteria for conferral of the title of the Doctor of the Church, prime among which is a criterion called eminens doctrina, and apply them to one example, that of Edith Stein. In doing so, I consider the question purely historically and philosophically, starting out with definitions of the Father of the Church and the Doctor of the Church in part one (available below). In the second part of the article (available in 2024), I ask what aspects of the female martyr’s theology, philosophy and spirituality fulfill the criteria of an eminent doctrine, as formulated in the Church’s documents, and which are insufficient or lacking. In order to highlight the nature of a particular criterion, I contrast Stein’s case with other recently debated cases, such as those of Irenaeus of Lyons and John Paul II.
Some Remarks on the Mind-Brain Identity Theory
Pabjan, Tadeusz (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
The issue of the relation between the mind and the brain is known as one of the most discussed problem of the philosophy of mind. The recent development of neuroscience contributed significantly to animate the discussion on this subject. This article is one voice in this discussion. It contains a critical analysis of some arguments in favor of the theory which claims that the mind is identical to the brain. Moreso, it is argued, that the observed correlations between physical and mental events cannot be treated as a proof that there is no difference between the mind and the brain.
Educazione e formazione: l’approccio, le sfide e la risposta audace di Edmund Bojanowski
Matsulevich, Serafina Nadzeya (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
Edmund Bojanowski, an esteemed Polish pedagogue who lived in the XIX century, dedicated his life to the creation of education services for small children in his country, (which he called Ochronki (= protection), and to the training of the women instructors (Ochroniarki = the protectors). His objective was a preschool education inspired by Catholic values, as man was created “in the image and likeness of God”; he envisioned a system that would raise good citizens and good Christians, enabling them to tackle the challenges of life. Blessed with a strong educational vocation, he put great effort in preparing the women instructors for this task, providing them with both pedagogic knowledge and rigorous moral principles, as well as promoting critical thinking and sense of responsibility, with the authority borne of love for the true good. He strived to promote these abilities in his instructors, so that they would transfer them to the children; he felt these qualities transform knowledge into life wisdom, and allow a person to live with dignity and respect for oneself and others. These core beliefs were also the basis for the creation of a religious order of nuns.
Bioethics and Informed Consent in Prenatal Diagnostics
Serapinas, Danielius; Narbekovas, Andrius (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
Innovative methods of prenatal diagnosis allow us to see the development of the fetus and to detect early disorders of fetal development, which may lead to an early diagnosis and possible treatment, or to a woman’s decision to terminate the pregnancy. Therefore, it is very important to accurately inform a woman about the risks and consequences of this life-related issue, even before deciding to perform prenatal tests; and after the results, when a misinterpreted diagnosis may lead a woman to terminate her pregnancy. The obligation of d octors to i nform patients is inseparable from the requirement to receive informed consent. The two parts are mandatory for any medical procedure and intervention. The main requirements for the informed consent include rationality, sufficient and clear information, free will, and the form of consent conforming to the legal acts. However, informed consent is not an absolute requirement, as the patient has a right to remain uninformed. Additionally, under certain circumstances, it might be impossible to inform patients, or to receive consent from patients or their duly authorized representatives. Prenatal testing is an integral part of ante-natal care that aims to verify the proper development of the fetus, or to identify potential hereditary or chromosomal diseases at the earliest possible stage. Prenatal testing can be classified as noninvasive or invasive measures, according to the types of procedures In addition to this, according to the aim of the procedure, into diagnostic prenatal testing with the aim of prenatal therapy, and purely diagnostic prenatal testing. Purely diagnostic prenatal testing is closely connected with the problem of selective abortion. Part of this article covers the main problems of informed consent in prenatal diagnostics, by outlining two stages of the process: conveyance before prenatal testing, and interpretation of the results alongside presentation of the possible choices. The legal implications we consider are based on information from other European countries: we name the main questions analyzed by courts, including cases of “wrongful birth” and “wrongful life”; inappropriate information regarding possibilities of abortion; the right of a woman to use all available diagnostic methods; and the allocation of damages to the claimants.
“Nearer, My God, to Thee”. Elvis Presley and The Gospel in His Music, Life and Legacy
Fagiolo, Maria (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
The roots that raised Elvis Presley to become the man that he is in history, are not found in rock’n’roll but they go much deeper. They are found in the Gospel, in what Joe Moscheo defined as “the Gospel side of Elvis”. This paper highlights the gospel music of Elvis Presley and its vast impact on American society and religion. One of the aims of this article is to underline the impact that sacred music had over Presley’s artistical work and how Elvis and his Southern spirituality influenced the history of Christian music. One more important aspect of this paper argues the worldwide role Presley had as an evangelist of the Gospel, and how he influenced Christian identity and its values among Americans. This paper tried to answer to Mark Duffet’s question1: “If star musicians are positioned as centers of attention, what happens when they use their privileged position in the spotlight to offer a ‘spiritual’ message?”. As a result, this paper offers original contents of Elvis Presley’s faith and spirituality and is intended as a starting point for future studies. Surprisingly, few researchers have evaluated the effect the singer had on evangelization and gospel music development. Previous studies have mostly paid attention to the role that Elvis played on the Rock’n’Roll scene and the iconic legend created around him. They forget that the Gospel is a key part of Presley’s life and music.
Sulla dimensione dialogica dell’autorità
Mizdrak, Inga (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
The article deals with the problem of authority in the fundamental aspects of the philosophy of dialogue, which in the I-You relationship acquires a specific meaning. The dialogical plane emphasizes the tension between the subjects, showing the dynamics of the meeting as well as its specific movement and variability. The concept of Martin Buber and Józef Tischner was recalled, opening a new discourse on the fundamental role, meaning and sense of authority today. Buber says that the dialogue itself appears as relation of beings, while Tischner shows the meeting as an event in which the agathological horizon of good and evil is present, which in both concepts puts a new light on the problem of authority. Authority not only internally assumes turning “to” someone/ the Other, but also assumes being “for” someone/ the Other and towards someone/ the Other.
The Relationship Between Pagan Fate and Christian Grace in the Thought of Józef Tischner
Wołowski, Lech (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
This article examines one of the greatest contributions of Józef Tischner to the area of anthropology and charitology by analyzing, in a systematical way, his original thought regarding the relationship between the pagan concept of fate (fatum) and the Christian concept of grace (charis). The originality of this contribution concerns three main areas. The first one concerns the historical-charitological aspect in which Tischner proposes a new approach which helps him to emphasize the personalistic aspect of grace. Instead of considering the problem form a typical intra-Christian perspective, he approaches the concept of grace by confronting it with the historical, pagan concept of impersonal fate. Secondly, he brings to the light an ancient Greek idea of the aesthetic overcoming of the tragic defeat caused by fate, and by showing its insufficiency, he discovers and demonstrates the depth, beauty and hidden ultimate power of the aesthetic dimension of Christian grace. Finally, he argues that the problem of the relationship between fate and grace is not an issue of the ancient past, but constitutes the core of one of the greatest contemporary challenges faced by modern Christian society: the ever growing wave of neopaganism.

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