Studia Bydgoskie, 2018, Tom 12

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Ufność według św. Faustyny Kowalskiej i św. Jana Pawła II
Warchoł, Paweł (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2018)
St Faustina’s famous message “Jesus, I trust in You” has found a permanent place in the life of the present-day Church. This brings hope to all those who experience suffering and injustice, and has a positive influence on their spiritual condition. An exemplary model to follow here is St John Paul II, who in the turbulent wartime and communist periods drew strength from the message and thus assured other people they had made the right choice. Confidence is not a novel idea as it was deeply rooted in the Old and New Covenants. Jesus required confidence from the apostles and His Mother was its foremost living embodiment.
J.D. Watson, Słowo hebrajskie na każdy dzień. Inspiracje ze Starego Testamentu (tytuł oryginału: A Hebrew Word for the Day), tłum. Aleksandra Czwojdrak, Oficyna Wydawnicza „Vocatio”, Warszawa 2017, ss. 399.
Ćwikła, Jarosław (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2018)
Misja Kościoła nadzieją dla człowieka i świata
Morawa, Józef (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2018)
The final section of Pope Benedict’s XVI Encyclical Spe Salvi contains this payer to Mary, the Star of Hope: When you hastened with holy joy across the mountains of Judea to see your cousin Elizabeth, you became the image of the Church to come, which carries the hope of the world in her womb across the mountains of history. This fragment can inspire a discussion on the Church’s attempt to demonstrate the true source of hope that flows from the Gospel of Jesus Christ. The final document of the Second Vatican Council, Gaudium et spes, reminds us of the Church’s role as a sign and a safeguard of the transcendent character of the human person. That role stems from the Church’s awareness of its wealth designed to reach all people of all times. Furthermore, St Paul’s perception of Jesus Christ proclaimed in the Church as God’s grace bringing salvation to everyone is reflected in the Council’s concept of the Church in Christ as a sacrament or a sign and instrument of a very closely knit union with God or as the universal sacrament of salvation. The Church not only proclaims salvation, but also allows its full realization as it is the family home of truth, freedom, equality, remission of sins and unity. Moreover, salvation is manifested in the fundamental categories of human vocation, such as the concepts used in communicating Revelation: life, light, truth, glory, grace, mercy, forgiveness, peace, freedom, joy, justice, reconciliation, friendship, covenant or kingdom. As Pope John Paul II pointed out in his Encyclical Fides et ratio, they all have a typical character, having abandoned the temptations of elitism; they are necessarily good for each and every of us; and their goal is to protect and realize the transcendental dignity of the person.
Niektóre źródła teologiczne inspiracji duchowych chrześcijanina opierające się na doświadczeniu duchowym Cecylii Działyńskiej (1836–1899)
Strzelecki, Wiesław (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2018)
Various aids in the form of spiritual works provide irreplaceable assistance in spiritual life development. Reading the Bible as well as works by masters of spiritual life and the biographies of saints is considered an important means of sanctification available to everyone. It is commonly known that the intellectual and spiritual development of a person is impossible without devotional reading. A study of carefully selected texts on faith can illuminate the mind with truth and ignite the heart with love for God. The article attempts to describe the influence of selected theological sources on the spiritual life of a Christian on the basis of the spiritual life experience of Cecylia Działyńska as presented in her Pages from a Life of Prayer.
Soborowe i posoborowe nauczanie Kościoła na temat wojny
Babski, Piotr (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2018)
Total, preventive and universal wars lead to the destruction of values and hence human dignity. They are saturated with pain and anxiety as there is no war without sacrifice. One can agree with the Council that all wars conducted by nations are a crime that should be condemned. The only exception is defensive wars fought in the defence of necessity. The times we live in are characterized by the rapid progress of humanity and the invention of increasingly better tools for world destruction. All nations strive to develop their professional equipment for defence against aggressors. This results in enormous expenditure which could otherwise be used to aid those living in poverty. There is also an accompanying fear of new methods of human destruction. However, we cannot really do anything about that if our hearts are constantly filled with hatred for another person. Wars will continue to target human life so people should learn to build peace for their security. Above all, young people should not be instilled with hatred for other human beings. By contrast, they should be taught love and tolerance towards others. Those are the foundations for war avoidance.
Co mają wspólnego Ateny z Jerozolimą? Przesłanie, oryginalność i aktualność Starego Testamentu
Chrostowski, Marcin (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2018)
According to Gerhard von Rad, there are four areas demonstrating the radically new approach of the Old Testament towards neighbouring cultures. These categories include world, history, human being and death. The Old Testament rarely describes those areas as such. They are usually interpreted in relation to God and thus gain full significance. The meaning of the world lies not in the world itself, but in its life-receiving relationship with the Creator. Those areas require redemption however. The unique redemptive event was conducted by Jesus Christ, hence the most appropriate reading of the Old Testament is a Christological and Christocentric interpretation. Faced with the two pillars of European culture – the Bible (Revelation) and Greek philosophy – one may at first have an impression of some incompatibility or feel the need to reconcile those seemingly incongruent realities. In reality, however, the two elements, Athens (philosophy) and Jerusalem (the Bible), harmonize with each other and are mutually indispensable.
Motyw węża w bizantyńskiej i staroruskiej ikonografii świętych wojowników (do XV w.)
Sprutta, Justyna (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2018)
Until the 15th century the dragon apparently enjoyed greater popularity than the serpent in Byzantine and Old Russian icons of holy warriors. Nevertheless, the snake also found a place it truly “deserved” there. All images of soldiers fighting against the personification of evil always present their triumph. But it is not only them that are victorious. The serpent and its substitutes are also defeated by male and female ascetics, who demonstrate an attitude equally militant towards evil. However, the primary victor here is God – and rightly so.
100-lecie niepodległości Polski. Biało-czerwona ścieżka błogosławionej Marii Karłowskiej
Kalka, Antoni; Kucharska, Małgorzata (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2018)
Porównanie płaszczyzn badań nad bogactwem w Piśmie Świętym oraz literaturze greckiej i hellenistycznej
Ćwikła, Jarosław (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2018)
The article provides a synthetic discussion of wealth in the Holy Scriptures and in Greek and Hellenistic literature. The issue is analyzed on three levels: terminological, axiological and ethical. For the sake of clarity, the article is divided into three parts. The first one deals with the most essential terms describing the rich and wealth both in the Holy Scriptures and in Greek and Hellenistic literature. The second part presents those values that were considered as wealth in the world of the Bible as well as Greek and Hellenistic culture. The third and final section discusses knowledge on wealth, which was recorded on the pages of the Bible and in the works of Greek and Hellenistic writers.
Eklezjalny wymiar sakramentu pokuty i pojednania
Shpak, Yuriy (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2018)
A study of the Bible reveals that since the very beginning of human existence, the person has always been accompanied by moral evil which, in the language of theology, is referred to as sin. Words such sin and guilt are present in all the languages of the world. The concept of sin can be considered from the perspective of psychology, philosophy, ethics and religions (Christianity, Islam, Judaism, etc.). Christianity regards the concepts of sin and salvation as particularly significant and mutually related. As far as sin is concerned, the primary focus is placed on its essence, physical manifestation, environment as well as the internal condition of the person before and after committing sin. Catholic moral theology has a separate branch called hamartiology (from the Greek word ἁμαρτία, hamartia – sin), which deals with the interpretation of sin, its manifestations and consequences. At the same time, there is another dogmatic discipline – soteriology, aimed at presenting the redemptive mission of Jesus Christ, the Second Person of the Holy Trinity, who liberates the person from the power of sin and transforms human nature through alliance with his divine nature. The article is interdisciplinary in character since it mainly deals with the issue of a Christian’s reunion with God achieved through the sacrament of Penitence. On the basis of analytical and synthetic studies of various doctrinal sources and documents of the Catholic Church (the Holy Scriptures, documents from the Second Vatican Council, the Catechism of the Catholic Church and the Code of Canon Law as well as other texts), it can be concluded that a successful fight against sin is possible only with support from the power and grace of the holy sacraments, especially Penitence, which is administered by the Church and through which God acts in the human person.
Program Wielkiej Nowenny nadal aktualny
Szukalski, Wojciech (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2018)
The author of the Great Novena, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński (known as the Primate of the Millennium) set an important task for the Catholic Church in Poland: to liberate the Polish nation from the invasion of enemy forces and from social misery. The pastoral programme he designed helped recognise and understand the post-war situation of Poland and hence that of Polish Catholic people, who constituted a community of faith. Being aware of the truth on the human condition, he first focused on work towards deepening the knowledge of the faith and promoting moral principles. This experience led him to create a realistic pastoral programme, shape its organisation and communicate the need to engage all Church members in its implementation. Cardinal Wyszyński strove not only for the preservation of the faith but also for the deepening of religious life both in families and the entire nation. His care for the life of the unborn child and the family stood out as an essential element of his pastoral programme. He used to stress the irreplaceable role of parents in upbringing, including religious education. Cardinal Wyszyński’s programme was based on Marian piety and a positive view of the Church, which was typical of most Catholics. He also stressed the significance of popular devotion and the important role of lay people in the Church. Father Lech Bilicki’s doctoral dissertation is a good study of Cardinal Wyszyński’s pastoral programme, which continues to deserve a profound analysis and can offer a useful aid in pastoral work in the present-day situation of the Catholic Church in Poland.
Znaczenie i rozumienie obrazu w teologii wizualnej
Borowski, Michał (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2018)
Contemporary culture apparently favours eyesight as a model of discovering reality and visual experience as an expression of its system of values. This paper strives to demonstrate the essential significance of image in grasping visual culture. Art with its diversity of forms can play an important role in theology; therefore contemporary theology cannot ignore problems present in visual culture. The hermeneutics of images which are found in religious language and reflect current human experience must be included in theological research. Apparently, the increasingly significant role of image in the contemporary world coupled with the invasion of visual effects should result in a new approach to the theology of image.
Godfrey Henschen SJ, The Bollandist dossier (1643) on St. Peter Thomas O. Carm., ed. and transl. Patrick Mullins O. Carm., „Textus et Studia Historica Carmelitana” 46, Edizioni Carmelitane, Roma 2018, ss. 303.
Puziak, Marcin (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2018)
Polski katolicyzm – specyfika i wyzwania. Wybrane aspekty zagadnienia (cz. III)
Adamczyk, Michał (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2018)
This part also deals with the reality of Polish Catholicism; the subject matter, however, is discussed here from a different perspective in order to accomplish an intended objective, which is to present those pastoral guidelines that help develop positive traits and eliminate negative features in Polish Catholicism. Those include activities aimed at modernizing Polish catechesis, theology and Christian philosophy; finding balance in the emotional component; appreciating human uniqueness; and seeking congruity between the professed faith and daily routine.
Estera – biblijny obraz kobiety jako antidotum na chorobę współczesnego feminizmu
Staniszewski, Piotr (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2018)
The biblical image of Esther is a concise display of the wealth of femininity. This may serve as a source and inspiration for those who strive to demonstrate and preserve its imperishable value. The motif of “concealment” in the woman’s name is didactic in nature and leads to surprising effects. The didactic character stems from the effort to adhere to the principle of personal modesty and to demonstrate confidence in others, who are worth the wait to reveal their goodness. Subtle diplomacy plus courage in using suggestions lead to altruism, which is impressive as it has nothing to do with personal vanity. If that is combined with the awareness of having received undeserved gifts and with consistency in pursuing what is perceived as good, such a person immediately becomes a benefactor and a model to follow. Esther is like that since by respecting both history and contemporary circumstances she involuntarily provided a shining example to be followed by future generations. The beauty of this path may inspire delight and lead to action without unnecessary rational discussions whose malady lies in their never-ending character.
Źródła koncepcji podmiotowości prawnej nasciturusa
Ciołek, Wojciech (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2018)
The legal status of the human embryo has always been recognized on the basis of current medical knowledge. In the ancient cultures of the Middle and Far East, all conception-related aspects were linked to divine activities and regarded as so magical in nature that they could be adequately expressed only in mythological language. In ancient Mesopotamia, children were completely subordinated to the will of their father, who could freely punish or even sell them. In such a legal system, the foetus enjoyed hardly any protection. Under Hittite law, premeditated miscarriage was punishable by a fine whose amount dependent on the degree of foetal development. The Assyrian law code provided that the status of the nasciturus was a state value and deliberate miscarriage was regarded as a crime against the state and punished with a fine or whipping. However, none of those societies recognized the embryo as a living entity. Neither did ancient Jewish communities regard the nasciturus as a human being – it was only after birth that a child acquired the status. The Hellenic world also treated the nasciturus as an object and the practice of abortion was commonplace there. Ancient Rome, though famous for its high standards of legislation, did not grant any rights to unborn children unfortunately. It was only in the second century A.D. under the rule of Julian that the nasciturus enjoyed recognition as a living person in terms of potential benefits it could gain. The emergence of Christianity in the history of Europe resulted among others in a new social attitude towards the embryo. With a better understanding of the stages in foetal development, the Jews stopped regarding unborn children as objects of property and recognised them as human beings.
Aksjologia Ewangelii
Kobylińska, Zdzisława (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2018)
There is no doubt that the Bible as a holy book, especially the Gospel, contains specific guidelines that provide the axiological foundations of human life and determine the purpose and meaning of existence. The word of the Gospel reveals all those values that make the world truly human – a world of goodness, truth, beauty and harmony – by disclosing the entire truth about human beings and their moral life. The values which the Gospel describes and which constitute the foundations of Christ’s teaching reveal their universal, timeless character in a phenomenological reflection, thus being appropriate for all people of goodwill. Therefore, the Gospel can be regarded as a kind of catalogue of evangelical values which among others include salvation, grace, love, mercy, forgiveness, holiness and heroism.
Wokół duszpasterskich wytycznych Konferencji Episkopatu Polski do Adhortacji „Amoris laetitia”
Olczyk, Maciej (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2018)
On June 8, 2018, the 379th plenary meeting of the Polish Bishops’ Conference in Janów Podlaski adopted the Pastoral Guidelines for the Exhortation “Amoris laetitia”. Having been drafted for a long period, the document underwent editorial changes and finally found approval. As is usually the case with significant moral and pastoral issues, the text attracted conflicting opinions. The progressive circles considered the document as highly conservative, while the conservatives pointed to a number of imprecise statements that could open up the possibility of liberal interpretation. The Polish bishops emphasize the need to serve the engaged, spouses and families as well as people living in irregular relationships according to the pastoral criteria proposed by Pope Francis: acceptance, accompaniment, discernment and integration. A reading of the document demonstrates that the Polish hierarchs have managed to find a balance between compassion and adherence to the Church’s traditional doctrine.
Chrześcijańskie formy pomocy w przeżywaniu tajemnicy cierpienia
Łyczak, Artur (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2018)
While touching the mystery of suffering, which it undeniably is, it is worthwhile to stop and consider the issue of assistance in suffering pain so as to derive spiritual fortification from the experience. Spiritual life, prayer, the sacraments and the community of the Church are primary means of spiritual nature that bring about consolation in physical and moral pain. The purpose of this article is to identify and discuss Christian forms of assistance in experiencing the mystery of suffering. The attempt to address the issue was inspired by a study of Pope Francis’ message for the World Day of the Sick. The paper is based on contemporary Church documents and theological literature.
Wartości chrześcijańskie we współczesnej Europie
Muszyński, Henryk Józef (Prymasowski Instytut Kultury Chrześcijańskiej im. Stefana Kard. Wyszyńskiego w Bydgoszczy, 2018)
The article offers reflections on the place and role of Christianity in contemporary secularized Europe. While it is commonplace to say that we live in a post-Christian Europe, it turns out that the Gospel is still alive and continues to be the biblical yeast and the salt of the earth. The author points to those values that are rooted in Christianity and form a prerequisite for any European renewal. Those include human dignity, love, freedom, solidarity, family and hope, the last of which is in high demand in Europe. The presence of Christian values in modern Europe depends on the dynamism of faith that is being reborn through renewal movements such as the Chemin Neuf, L’Arche, the Alliance of Families and the Neocatechumenate, all of which are open to the Holy Spirit. Faced with secularized culture, which hinders or even prevents the ethnic and cultural transmission of faith, it is those movements that provide a new space for an encounter with the resurrected Christ, thus bringing hope to contemporary Europe.

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