The Person and the Challenges, 2024, Vol. 14, No. 1

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A Duty to Remain Connected: a Biblical Perspective of the Wisdom of the Shabbàt
Sciberras, Paul (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
Our labour is intricately woven into our identity, extending beyond mere livelihood. It ought to facilitate personal growth, define our societal roles, and contribute to a common good within the confines of social and environmental sustainability. However, the contemporary work landscape is undergoing profound and global changes, disrupting traditional and conventional notions of work dynamics and its associated relationships. Amidst the diverse and country-specific alterations, a universal paradigm shift is reshaping nearly every sector of the economy. The pressing question emerges: how can we prevent the shift towards more flexible employment from translating into a life of perpetual instability? As job structures become more malleable and the boundaries between professional and personal life blur, the risks of self-exploitation and work-induced stress loom. In navigating these transformations, we must discern the evolving paradigms of work and consider their social and economic repercussions. What lessons are we being prompted to internalise as the European work landscape undergoes unprecedented changes? It becomes imperative to explore these shifts and their implications for a sustainable and equitable future. Exploring the existential insights of the Shabbàt and extracting valuable lessons from biblical wisdom, prompts us to ponder the significance of rest in fostering healthy relationships and connectivity—with ourselves, others, our work, and our shared environment. The prevalent culture of constant availability and the obligation to stay connected could benefit from a biblical perspective, particularly in grasping the essence of Shabbàt’s wisdom.
Education for Responsible Freedom in the Teaching of Karol Wojtyła – John Paul II
Rynio, Alina (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
The purpose of this article is an attempt to show, based on selected excerpts from the works of Karol Wojtyła – John Paul II, the specificity of education oriented towards discovering the truth about a man as a worthy, free and responsible being, in need of upbringing. The performed analyses make it possible to see in responsible freedom, the axiological category and the basic attributes of human existence in its relation to the essence of education, the mature humanity of a person and the present day. They indicate the unquestionable value of the message of Karol Wojtyła – John Paul II, in this regard.
Volunteering and Catholicism in Europe. The Inside Perspective. Part 2: Empirical
Sadlon, Wojciech; Rymsza, Marek (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
In the paper we analyse the social activity practices of Catholic persons, as a set of individual and collective action emerging from the Catholic identity and – to more or less extent – structuralised under the Church-related formal non-profit initiatives. The purpose of the study is to clarify: (1) to what extent the Catholic unpaid social activities of different kinds could be classified as forms of volunteering and (2) to what extent the third sector definitions of volunteering are included in specific Catholic activities. Three tendencies have been observed with respect to not including religion-oriented volunteering in voluntary studies. Firstly, while using tools for collecting data adequate for the secular world, researchers face methodological difficulties to successfully cover social activities organized in parishes and congregations. Secondly, a reductionist approach reflects the ideological-rooted tendency to treat religion as a matter of private life. Thirdly, some religious-based entities tend to keep social activities of the believers within the Church-related circle. From the Catholic perspective, volunteer engagement represents an important aspect of faith-based every day activities, the so-called lived religion. At the same time, social engagement of believers provided within the Churchrelated entities, as well as outside them, usually fulfils all main features of volunteering. The relation between volunteering and religion is to be referred not only to the general position of faith-based and religious organizations in the public sphere, but also to the embeddedness of religious life in the society, as in fact both religion and volunteering are categories social per se. We illustrate our reflection on volunteering and Catholicism by presenting empirical evidence from the 2018 panel expert research among representatives of 29 Catholic Bishops Conferences across Europe.
Theologically Inspired and Supported Patriotism as a Component of Poland’s National Security. Concept of Research and its Social Application
Smuniewski, Cezary; Urych, Ilona; Boguszewski, Mariusz (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
The article presents a concept of research and its social application concerning the creation and modelling of theologically inspired and supported patriotic attitudes in the Polish historical and security-related context. It concerns patriotism which, primarily, refers to Poland’s national heritage, theology, Catholic social science and national responsibility; secondly, it is directed at a sovereign economic development locally and on the international arena; thirdly, it shapes pro-societal and pro-defence attitudes; fourthly, it takes into account contemporary challenges linked with the environment, demography, migrations and “temporal challenges”. The text is classified among the papers on conceptualization of research projects in the area of security studies, social policies and political science, account being taken of the contexts and problem references to theology, history and cultural anthropology.
The Analysis of Ukrainian Policy in the Field of State-Religious Education: Secondary School
Rohova, Olena; Sychenko, Viktor; Lysokolenko, Tetiana (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
The article provides an overview of approaches to the organization of religious education in secondary schools of Ukraine during the period of its independence, which complements the European experience of studying this issue. Attention is paid both to the historical circumstances of the beginning of school religious education in the interaction of religious, state and educational institutions, and to modern issues related to the policy of introducing subjects of religious and moral orientation in Ukrainian schools. The current legislation in the field of religious education in a secular school, the real practice of its implementation, and the challenges that give an idea of t he specifics of Ukraine in this matter in the European space, are analyzed. The legislative work of Ukraine on resolving the issue of legal regulation of the possibility of establishing educational institutions of different levels of accreditation by religious organizations is generalized. Statistical data on the state of teaching religious and moral subjects in schools of Ukraine are analyzed. Prospects and possibilities of further teaching of religious education in the Ukrainian public school are considered.
Social Media and Body Image from the Perspective of Secondary School Youth
Niklová, Miriam; Zošáková, Karina (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
The study aimed to map the prevalence of social media disorder in secondary school youth. We used an abbreviated version of the Social Media Disorder Scale (SMD) and the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-16B). The reliability of the questionnaires used in the research, indicates that they have sufficient internal consistency. A total of 637 rerespondents participated in the study. Their ages ranged from 15 to 19 years (AM=16.63). The results of the study showed social media impairment in 11.1% of the respondents, confirming a statistically significant difference in terms of the gender of the adolescents in favour of girls, and in terms of the degree of concern about their appearance, in favour of those who are more concerned about their appearance. Furthermore, a statistically significant difference in the degree of concern about their appearance in terms of gender, was confirmed in favour of girls.
Effects of Centrality of Religiosity and Dyadic Coping on Psychological Well-Being of Married Couples who Postpone Parenthood
Czyżowska, Dorota; Kalus, Alicja; Wendołowska, Anna (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
Religiosity and dyadic coping are among the factors important for the quality of marriage, satisfaction with the relationship and the sense of happiness of the spouses. Wellbeing, mainly in the aspect of personal development or life goals, seems to be particularly important for couples planning to conceive a child in the near or distant future. The study involved 51 married couples postponing parenthood. Their dyadic coping, psychological well-being and the centrality of religiosity were studied. The actor-partner interdependence model was used for the dyadic analyses. There were no differences in the well-being between the spouses, however, women rated in dyadic coping and religiosity higher. The centrality of the spouses’ religiosity, and especially the congruence of their religious beliefs, seems to have a significant impact on their well-being. The obtained results seem to shed new light on the importance of dyadic coping by spouses and their religiosity for the well-being of each of them.
Competences of an RE Teacher/Catechist in the Opinion of Schoolchildren
Słotwińska, Helena; Buk-Cegiełka, Marta; Mariański, Janusz; Osewska, Elżbieta; Rybarski, Radosław; Stala, Józef (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
An important issue addressed in the presented article is the competencies of the RE teacher/ catechist. Two main problems are posed, summarized in the following questions: What competencies should a teacher of religion/catechist have? What qualities, according to secondary school pupils, should have an RE teacher? An attempt to answer such questions was made on the basis of an analysis of the literature on the subject and the results of a nationwide quantitative and qualitative study of secondary school pupils in Poland. The basic concepts of competence are discussed, groups of competencies relevant to the profession of religion teacher are characterized. Also presented are the results of research on the opinions of secondary school pupils regarding the person of a religion teacher/catechist.
Christian Spiritual Formation towards Holiness
Hanes, Pavel; Hanesová, Dana (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
Freedom is one of the most fervently fought for values and, at the same time, the very idea of freedom belongs to concepts that are essentially contested. This situation is a part of human brokenness, and in Christian formation, it has to be seriously dealt with. According to the popular view, ‘holiness’ is a life-negating and judgmental attitude towards everything ‘normal.’ In biblical usage, it connotes belonging to God as a gift in Christ. Spiritual formation begins with a biblical explanation of freedom and holiness. A Christian worldview has to be the background to Christian formation, functioning as a correction of the commonly- accepted naturalistic worldview. A personal experiential relationship with God is the key to successful growth towards realistic and practical holiness in daily life. ‘Dos and don’ts’ that usually arise at the beginning of religious education shall be experienced as liberating instructions, if they are offered as guidance to a fully persuaded mind and a devotedly loving heart.
Cardinal Stanisław Ryłko – a Priest and a Highly Regarded Sociologist
Borutka, Tadeusz; Ciapka, Adam (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
Cardinal Stanisław Ryłko is a priest of the Archdiocese of Kraków, where he was brought up and educated. As a priest, he worked in the pastoral ministry and then studied not only in Poland, but also in Rome. As a sociologist, he taught at the Faculty of Theology of the Pontifical University of John Paul II in Kraków. He is the author of more than twenty publications in the above-mentioned areas of sociology. Since 1987 he has worked in the Holy See, first in the Polish Section of the Secretariat of State, and then in the Pontifical Council for the Laity. He has been raised to the dignity of Bishop and Cardinal. On 20 December 2016, Pope Francis appointed him archpriest of the Basilica of Saint Mary Major – Santa Maria Maggiore, one of the four papal basilicas of Rome.
Application of Catholic Social Teaching in Finance and Management
Czerwonka, Monika; Pietrzak, Maria (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
In dominating narratives, economics has been portrayed as hard science, based on complex mathematical equations and rigid statistical models. It seems to be overlooked that it belongs to the domain of social sciences and that its roots stem from philosophy and ethics. After all, many classical economists were either ethicists (A. Smith) or clergymen (T. Bayes). Today’s managers also seem to be motivated mainly by the desire to increase their company’s profits. However, if managers wish to become both effective and respected leaders for their teams, they should build their power on ethical principles deeply rooted in Catholic Social Teaching. The purpose of the present paper is to attract attention to the relation of economics, management and religion. Behavioral economics and management come to our aid here by emphasizing that, when making decisions related not only to financial markets but also to managerial tasks, what matters is not only factors that are strictly financial, but also those are related to psychology or ethics. Using the example of ethical investing and faith-based funds or stock indexes the Authors show that Christian values and the social teaching of the Catholic Church are still important to some participants in the financial markets.
One Hundred Years of the Polish Theological Society
Panuś, Kazimierz (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
La giurisprudenza come fonte del diritto canonico Jurisprudence as a Source of Law
Michowicz, Przemysław (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
Starting with such a provocative title, the essay aims to answer the question of whether jurisprudence can be considered as a source of law in the canonical judicial system. In order to achieve the objectives of the present work, it is proposed not to observe a traditional path followed by those who interpret the provision of canon 19 of the current Code of Canon Law, but rather to consider jurisprudential creativity which represents, in its various manifestations, an unavoidable feature of legal experience. This premise helps to reconsider the source concept of law and systematizes the role of jurisprudential doctrine in the hierarchy of sources in the canonical legal system.
Purgatory and Hell in Medieval Female Mystics’ Visions
Mąkosa, Paweł (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
Death and the afterlife have always evoked both fear and hope among people. Consequently, they have endeavoured to gain a deeper understanding of what lies beyond life’s earthly realm. Christian teachings and the official doctrine of the Church offer a broad overview of this reality, leaving room for an expectation of a more detailed explanation of the fate that awaits individuals after death. Female mystics, particularly those who lived during the late Middle Ages, played significant roles in elucidating these destinies. Their visions and subsequent writings contain a wealth of details concerning the nature of eternal life, providing meticulous descriptions of the places and events that unfold after death. This article delves into their visions of purgatory and hell, examining their relationship with the official Catholic doctrine.
Searching for Human Dignity: The Anthropological Dimension of Moral Teachings of Benedict XVI
Kluz, Marek (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
Shaping the Christian vision of moral life, Pope Benedict XVI referred to the anthropology centred around the Biblical vision of man. The first and fundamental thesis of the revealed anthropology is the truth about the dignity of a human person. Nevertheless, in today’s world one can observe certain symptoms of the lack of respect for self-dignity and dignity of other people. Being aware of this fact, in his teachings, Benedict XVI pointed out the value of human dignity; he promoted it and presented a genuine vision of personal dignity. Man and his dignity was the first principle, “so to say heart and soul” of the moral teachings of Pope Benedict XVI.
Book review: Jan Ryś, Cadet Corps No. 1 part I: Lobz period (1918–1939), Ignatianum, Kraków 2022, pp. 408
Juśko, Edmund (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
The family in dialogue with God
Dziuba, Andrzej F. (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
Marriage and family are a remarkable truth of human person and his community; a communio personarum. In the New Covenant, marriage and the family took on, aside the interhuman and natural dimensions, a relation and dialogue with God in Jesus Christ and in the power of the Holy Spirit. The family, as the fundamental cell of social life, possesses its place, duties, and purpose in the community of the Church. The Christian family as a domestic Church, is the natural and fundamental school of faith. The reception by Christian of the sacrament of marriage signifies a radical alteration in their life, their path to salvation, their dialogue with God. The sacrament of marriage is the source of the spiritual life both for the spouses and for the family as for it imparts its supernatural spiritual unity and makes it a divine institution. The truth is the foundation of marital and family dialogue with God. The family stands as the domestic Church and is present, at once creatively and dynamically, in the universal Church. On the way to holiness the family undertakes a prophetic, priestly, and royal mission.
St. Peter, Church and Religion as a Role Model for Modern Entrepreneurs
Borowski, Piotr F. (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
Modern enterprises operate on the basis of the Industry 4.0 paradigm. Technology is becoming an inherent attribute of the economy, but at the same time, one should bear in mind the employees, who create enterprises, and the spiritual side, so as to maintain a balance between what is tangible and intangible. Religion and spirituality are intertwined and have an impact on business practice and corporate management. Research on a group of young people has shown that faith plays a vital role in running a business. Moreover, the sustainability and uninterrupted activity of the Church can be a model for many companies. Subordinating one’s own affairs and individual ambitions to the common good and higher values, is the direction which managers of modern institutions can follow. Such an enterprise needs a leader, a charismatic leader who, as an intangible asset, will primarily see the value of the employees entrusted to him, and only then, the material value of the company. The personnel function and the humanistic approach are the key aspects of a well-functioning enterprise. The article analyses the role of St. Peter in managing the Church, and indicates the possibility of managing modern enterprises based on Church experience.
Implications of Reductive Anthropology for Religion (The perspective of Catholic personalism in Poland at the turn of the 20th and 21st Centuries)
Bochenek, Krzysztof (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
Experiencing the drama of being internally conflicted, postmodern people move away not only from God and religion, but also from the nature of other people. And yet, man cannot exist in an ideological or religious vacuum. This article reflects on the anthropological roots of the negation and affirmation of God and religion. The truth about religion is inextricably linked to the truth about man, and the question of perceiving man as a religious being is one of the important issues of philosophical anthropology.
For a Via Pulchritudinis Musicalis. Some Notes for a Musical Spirituality
Amherdt, François-Xavier (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2024)
To aim for the unspeakable divine, nothing beats the via pulchritudinis musicalis, the path of beauty advocated by Christian tradition, from Augustine to Luther and the recent popes, which contains parables to make the “unheard of” of the Spirit heard and to reconcile the disagreements between humans. The article deploys twelve metaphors of musical spirituality, as so many different sounds available to seekers of meaning, singers and musicians of the infinite, playing on the numbers: the sound of silence; the threetone Trinitarian chord; the seven notes of the divine scale; humanity and the believing community as a four-part choir; the five lines of the staff of existence; the righteousness (justice) of the six strings of the guitar; the transcendence of the Christ melody; the stereophony between heaven and earth; the novelty of the final biblical Maranatha; the two hands and ten fingers of the pianist; song and music for the spiritual journey and liturgy; the 144,000 voices of the hymns of Revelation. For nothing reaches the heart of God beyond words like perfect harmony when the final chord is sounded.

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