The Person and the Challenges, 2015, Vol. 5, No. 1
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Pozycja Die Polen angesichts der Umbrüche im politischen und gesellschaftlichen Bereich. Ein Vierteljahrhundert nach der Unabhängigkeit PolensStala, Józef (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)Financial, political, ideological, sociological, cultural and existential transitions in Poland are experienced as a far more complex process than what it seemed in the beginning. The challenges Poles are facing in a new, democratic society, in some ways, are more demanding than those in a socialist one. In this article, the author presents sociological data, gathered by the Public Opinion Research Centre in Poland, showing the public opinion about the change in the system since 1989. The evaluation of the social consequences of transformation is not unequivocal. 37% believe that the post-1989 changes brought more benefits than losses to the people. On the negative side, Poles note the increase in individualism and weakening of interpersonal ties. Negative public sentiment grew in Poland especially after 2009, five years after Polish accession to the European Union when the average salary of Poles accounted for about 25–30% of earnings in Western Europe, many people could not find employment in Poland and so they had to migrate to Western Europe.Pozycja Edith Stein – “Great Daughter of Israel and Carmel”, Searching for the Truth Every DayPryba, Andrzej (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)Edith Stein was born in a traditional religious Jewish family. In her youth, she stopped praying and lost her faith in God. She was, however, very faithful in searching for the truth, which had become her life’s passion. First, the article presents various definitions of truth. Then it deals with phenomenological methods of discovering the truth about man, which were characteristic of Edith Stein. Finally, it shows her discovery of the God of Love, who pulled her towards mystical union in the spirituality of Carmel. St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross (Edith Stein) died in the concentration camp at Auschwitz experiencing the mystery of the Cross of Christ and sacrificing herself for her nation.Pozycja Discernimento del Superiore religioso: la postulazioneMichowicz, Przemysław (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)The main purpose of the present submission relates to the matter of the postulation regulated by the legal disposition expressed in canons 180 e 181 CIC/83. The main emphasis is not placed on the correct application of the canon law, in the case concerning the dispensation granted to who is ineligible to the canonical office or other assignment. Instead, the Author tries to highlight the meaning and importance that must be given to the discernment undertaken by the collegial Authority in the case of election. The article presents the certain conditions required from the candidate and, at the same time, supplies these criteria, which usually are considered by the Congregation of Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life in the matter of admission of the postulation.Pozycja The “Lay State” – a Signifier of Transformations in the Church?Lombaerts, Herman (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)This article explores the renewal lay people initiated at a decisive moment in Church history. In the 16th–17th century, with the development of the modern school, lay people were given the responsibility to teach religion and to guarantee Christian education in schools. A new type of religious congregation, with exclusively lay members, emerged. They had an impressive impact, worldwide, over the past three centuries. However, as the members of these congregations declined dramatically over the past decades, one wonders whether new generations will succeed in guaranteeing continuity in the near future. Or will ordinary, secular but baptized lay people create new forms of association while taking on responsibility for school education? Michel Sauvage (1923–2001), a French member of the De La Salle religious order, studied the theological identity of the lay “teaching brother” as initiated by J.-B. De La Salle at the end of the 17th century. The present situation, with 1.9% brothers left and 97.6% ordinary lay teachers in the educational institutions worldwide, seems to suggest that, once more, a historical mutation is occurring in the church.Pozycja Review The Authority of the Pope and the College of Bishops in the Church. Theological Nature and Mutual Relations, According to Fr. Piotr Semenenko CR, Fr. Paweł Obiedziński, ISBN: 978-83-7438-387-5, Cracow 2014, p. 320Kantor, Robert (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)Pozycja L’aspetto ecclesiale dell’esistenza cristiana nella morteJaśkiewicz, Sylwester (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)This article draws attention to one of the important dimensions of the Christian vision of death, namely its ecclesial dimension. Human existence, after the pilgrimage, is not a solitary existence. Since the Church is one, as we profess in the Creed, all those who belong to Christ, both the living and the dead, belong to the one reality of the Church. The dead are thus not just pious memories in the human mind, but a continuing real presence in the Church, each according to one’s proper state. The Second Vatican Council recalled the three dimensions of the Church – the earthly, heavenly, and the being at the stage of purification1 . Since ancient times, the Church prays and encourages prayers for the dead, and recalls the communication of spiritual goods. While individual persons are responsible for their actions, including the preparation of the definitive meeting with the Lord, the whole Church still intercedes for them. With the reality of purgatory, which is, in fact, an experience of the mercy of God, persons closely united to Christ and His Church are able to achieve the measure of sanctification, which they failed to achieve during their earthly life.Pozycja The Political Activity of Mazovian Dukes between the 13th and 15th CenturyGraczyk, Waldemar (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)According to some historians, Mazovia once had a separate political existence, with a different form of economy, a social structure and customs that differedfrom those of the Crown, a separate dialect, and its own laws. One of theoutward expressions of its separate existence was its own dynasty. To defend its independence, Mazovia entered into feudal contracts with Bohemia and Kazimierz III the Great. Mazovian dukes also paid homage to Władysław Jagiełło, not only as an acknowledgment of dependence, but also of certain obligations the dukes took upon themselves. After the death of Władysław Jagiełło, a group of Lesser Poland lords proposed the candidature of Siemowit V as king of Poland, and Mazovia had a chance to play a more significant role in Polish politics. It should be stressed that while Siemowit IV still enjoyed popularity on the political scene, his sons, particularly after they divided their patrimony among themselves in 1434, very soon lost significance. The period of the greatest regional disintegration of Mazovia began and the province soon lost any political significance.Pozycja Mercy as a Theological TermZyzak, Wojciech (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)The author of the article analyses different meanings of the term ‘mercy’. He begins with the ancient use of the word by pagan philosophers. This is the background for the analysis of the term ‘mercy’ in the Old and New Testament. The biblical sources lead to the definition of dogmatic foundations of God’s Mercy and allow the ethical and moral aspects of the human mercy to be shown. Closely connected with the last is the social dimension of the mercy. The author also deals with other dimensions of the mercy, such as: pastoral, liturgical, psychological and juridical. He also discusses the meaning of the mercy in the spirituality and Christian art.Pozycja La raison et la foi. Des philosophes Polonais rapprochent les deux domainesZuziak, Władysław (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)This paper presents three attempts of grasping the relations between faith and reason made by M. Heller, J. Tischner and K. Tarnowski. Reason and faith are two foundations for human desire to understand the world. Without them, no attempts to understand can take place. As Heller points out, both of them, due to cooperation, support development and help to eliminate dangerous simplifications. Faith, or more precisely – religious thinking – is, as J. Tischner famously argued, a condition for dialogue, for being open to others and community. Faith gives strength and courage, supports the search for existing (although very often unconscious) ties that bonds people. Faith allows us to discover the meaning and purpose of our lives. K. Tarnowski goes even further and claims, that faith reveals “the surplus” of meaning, which invites us to investigate what is impossible to express – the Mystery. Only in the face of Mystery, by a communion with the Other, can we feel that the presence of the Other is important for our existence. The three philosophers from Krakow emphasized in their works, that the relations between faith and reason, although connected and supplementing themselves, require much attention from both scientists, who create rational models of reality, and theologians, who aim to create a coherent vision linking these two aspects of human world.Pozycja Die Familie – Relikt der Vergangenheit oder Fundament der Zukunft?Waleszczuk, Zbigniew (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)This article is a description of the current situation of the family from a Christian perspective and is divided into three chapters according to the method of the catholic social teaching: see judge, act. In the first part, a analysis of reality is presented, that is a sociological view of the situation of the family in the European countries. The outline of the situation of the family is shown in three dimensions (socio-cultural, political and economic). The second part briefly treats the Catholic teaching on the family, especially their social significance according to John Paul II. The third part formulates practical conclusions to the question of what we can and should do to promote the family. It is the aim of Christian social ethics – as an instrument of evangelization – to draw adequate conclusions resulting in effective actions of Christians. It is about building bridges between theology and the challenges of the present. Without a doubt, the family is not just a relic of the past, as it was provocatively formulated in the title, but it is, and will continue to be, the foundation of the future.Pozycja Il bisogno dei valori e ricerca del senso della vita dei giovani di oggi. Punti Chiavi della Logoterapia di Viktor E. Frankl applicati nel campo formativoStyczyński, Michał (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)During their existence, people often forget about the meaning of life. With the world spinning faster and faster, the disappearing ability to reflect on complex day-today life, the virtual reality and ‘the net’ jungle, people are forgetting how to discover values that lead to the higher goal. There is special concern for the young generation which often loses the meaning of life. The answer to the question – how to find the meaning of life – gives the theory of logotherapy and existential analysis, which was created by Victor E. Frankl. The story of his life, and the difficult experiences which led him to discover the meaning of life persuade the reader about the truthfulness of his scientific discoveries. Logotherapy is a way to find goals and meaning in life: it makes people think about their existence. Frankl shows a certain hierarchy of values, which appear during specific and often difficult life situations. He survived four concentration camps and during those extreme times he was able to find meaning in life. What is more, he helped others find their meaning. A teacher appears on a young man’s life path and this teacher, according to logotherapy, should become the logo-educator and witness to the values. He should be someone, who points to meaning and is able to manifest the meaning of his own existence. Through a mature relationship with the student, the teacher helps the student discover what is the most important. The teacher helps the student realise one’s own plans through to the will, meaning and human conscience – spaces through which the sens consciousness shines through.Pozycja Rezension: Wojciech Osial, „Historia katechizmu. Geneza i rozwój katechizmu w Kościele katolickim od I do XVI wieku”, Warszawa 2013 („Die Geschichte des Katechismus. Genese und Entwicklung des Katechismus in der Katholischen Kirche vom I. bis zum XVI. Jahrhundert“, Warschau 2013), 396 S., Verlag der Wissenschaftlichen Vereinigung Franciszek Salezy, ISBN 978-83-61451-20-4Stala, Józef (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)Pozycja Manuscript Codices in the Library Collection of the Cistercian Abbey in SzczyrzycMarszalska, Jolanta (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)The collection of manuscripts at the Cistercian library in Szczyrzyc amounts to 100 volumes, including four medieval codices dated between 1460–1494; 12 manuscript books dated to the 17th century; 57 dated to the 18th century, and 27 manuscripts dated to the 19th century. Most of them are textbooks, copies of theological, philosophical and legal treatises, works on rhetoric, liturgy, world history, mathematics and herbal medicine, as well as books of homilies for special occasions and feasts. The collection of manuscripts at the monastery in Szczyrzyc is mostly a functional one – it was used by the monks to study and broaden their philosophical, theological, legal and liturgical knowledge. Several codices contain the texts of homilies delivered at various churches on feast days and solemnities, written down by the monks of Szczyrzyc. The surviving codices are bound in simple covers made of damaged folios taken out from liturgical codices, including antiphonaries and graduals. Considering the small number of surviving books, it is difficult to discuss the interests or influences of particular authors and their works on the intellectual level of the religious community of Szczyrzyc.Pozycja Center for Studies on the Thought of John Paul II at The Pontifical University of John Paul II in KrakowKastelik, Bogusław; Krupka, Aneta (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)Pozycja Jesus in Narnia. Narrative Katechese im Werk von C.S. LewisGarmaz, Jadranka; Komljenović, Petar (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)This paper seeks to explore the narrative catechesis and elements of religious pedagogy in C. S. Lewis’ “The Chronicles of Narnia” and to critically ponder on the following questions: To what extent is the message of faith conveyed to the reader by Lewis’ story-telling? In which way is a narrative approach to theology and catechesis articulated and realised? Why is the narrative catechesis useful and what is its role in the context of the overall mission of the Church i.e. the preaching of the Gospel? In order to provide answers to these questions the first part of this paper outlines a Christian allegory of the Narnian stories. The second part deals with the formalistic approach as using allegory, allusion, and symbolism to interpret Lewis’ narrative. The third part outlines the need for a critical awareness and the role of theological narrative in flourishing humanity and human wholeness. The concluding section presents an overall assessment of Lewis’s Christian fantasy and its faith-shaping impact.Pozycja Focus on Europe. Europatage an der KPH Graz – Internationaler Austausch zu ethischem Lernen und nachhaltigem Leben “Ethical learning – sustainable living” Ethics for a personal and dialogic process of beingFeiner, Franz (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)From the 28th to the 30th of October 2014 the Catholic University College of Education Graz (KPH Graz) put its focus especially on Europe. More than 40 lecturers from 12 countries were examining the international field of education from the perspective of how ethical learning and sustainable living can be realised in kindergarten, schools, colleges and universities. This time the international meeting of the KPH Graz was held in cooperation with the European project ETHOS, whose project members served as experts in the field of ethical learning. The European Days pursued several goals, one of which is to intensify professional networks and the cooperation in research among partner universities. Guest lectures, workshops and expert discussions were on the agenda.Pozycja Attitudes towards povertyDerdziuk, Andrzej (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)Poverty, perceived as a lack of basic consumer goods, gives rise to a whole range of outcomes which affect not only the material dimension of human existence, but also influence social relations and references to spiritual values. Attitudes which could be associated with involuntary and unacceptable poverty include: doubt in the Divine Providence, bitterness, jealousy and envy, blaming others, lack of gratitude and in perceiving good, laziness, lack of initiative, escalating demands, gluttony and greed as well as meanness. However, joy, peace, freedom and solidarity with the poor, as well as work and enterprise, are symptoms of evangelical attitudes of the poor in spirit. Attitudes to poverty point to a wide range of human behaviours towards possessions and in effect, reveal an individual’s sense of value.