The Person and the Challenges, 2015, Vol. 5, No. 2

Stały URI dla kolekcjihttps://theo-logos.pl/handle/123456789/5840

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    Incontriamo Gesù. Studio sul documento della Commissione Episcopale Italiana sugli Orientamenti per l’annuncio e la catechesi
    Wierzbicki, Mirosław Stanisław (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)
    This article discusses the document Meeting Jesus, presented by the Italian Episcopal Commission. In seeking to give guidelines for the proclamation and catechesis of the faith in Italy it becomes one of the most important documents in recent years that deal with the new evangelization that assists the whole Church in the announcing of the Gospel and the journey of faith. The document highlights certain homogeneity in reading the cultural, social, ecclesial and pastoral situation in which the processes of formation and education are realized. This helps the development of the “catechetical needs” and the specific paths of diocesan and national guidelines. It also reveals the possibility of a comparison at the inter-diocesan level between formators and a mutual support in the evaluation of projects and activity. To realize the training of formators and of members of the diocesan teams “in the wise work of coordinating and leading” it is important to work on the same lines proposed by the Guidelines.
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    Christliche Wahrheiten als Fundament einer inhaltsreichen Religionserziehung in der Familie
    Stala, Józef (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)
    A person is responsible for the implementation of values ​​and at the same time is responsible for treating himself/herself as a value. A human person is capable of self-determination, because s/he can act deliberately. Through self-reflection, a person can choose a course of action for himself/herself and assert “inner self” to the outside world through their choices. The person is also responsible to himself/ herself for self-fulfillment. It’s the fulfillment of a person that leads to happiness, which consists in the realization of freedom by choosing the truth. It is associated with the relationship to other people and to God. In this article, the issue of religious education in the family, with special attention to Christian values, as the foundation of education has been presented. Firstly, the author highlights the most significant values in religious education, which is freedom of the person, love, responsibility, and then he shows the role of values in the transmission of content: salvation, Jesus Christ, the Church and Mary.
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    Empathic parenting and child development
    Simonič, Barbara (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)
    Our experience of the world and life is associated with our sense of ‘self’, which begins to grow in the preverbal period through the child’s primary relationships with his/her parents. Such relationships should be optimal and full of true, genuine and deep contact, marked with a parent’s empathic responsiveness. Empathic parents encourage positive development, while lack of empathy is many times associated with dysfunctional patterns of behaviour in later life. Empathy is a critical factor for the healthy development of a child, especially for the growth of a creative and genuine sense of ‘self’, which in adulthood is essential for a healthy and vibrant personality, one who is capable of coping with life and living empathic relationships. Empathy in the narrowest sense of the word is the ability to share and comprehend the feelings and thoughts of another, e.g. the ability to have insight into experiencing. In a broader sense, it is the basic dynamics of relationships that fully enable us to feel safe and accepted with others and thereby give us space for growth and development.
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    A Case for a ‘Big Picture’ Re-Orientation of K-12 Australian Catholic School Religious Education in the Light of Contemporary Spirituality
    Rossiter, Graham (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)
    This is the second of two articles that argue a case for a ‘big picture’ re-orientation of Australian Catholic school K-12 religion curricula. The first article considered that there has been such a great change in the landscape of contemporary spirituality that the traditional framework of religious meanings within which Catholic school religion curricula are written is out of synch with the meanings that inform contemporary spiritualities. A proposed responsive change in orientation suggests that more prominence needs to be given to the critical interpretation and evaluation of cultural meanings, while not neglecting the more traditional aim of giving young Catholics meaningful access to their religious heritage. The apparently different estimates of spirituality for children and adolescents also need to be taken into account. If many of the pupils in Catholic schools will never become actively involved in parishes when they grow up, then religious education needs to offer more than familiarising them with Catholic theology and religious practice; it also needs to equip them with skills to address the spiritual and moral issues they will encounter in life. Attention is given to what this entails in both content and pedagogy, at primary and secondary levels.
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    The Faculty of Theology of the Stefan Batory University in Vilnius 1919–1939
    Przeniosło, Małgorzata (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)
    The Faculty of Theology was one of the smallest at the SBU, both in terms of the number of employees and students. In its first year of existence, there were only two professors employed at the FT. In the following years, there were 4–5 professors and since the academic year 1935/1936 from 6 to 8. They were all Catholic priests. In the first year, only eight people signed up for the classes at the FT and in the two consecutive years there were 12 and 27 students respectively. In the following years, these numbers increased considerably. The number of students at the FT increased steadily until 1930/1931, when 183 students enrolled, then started decreasing. The Council of the Faculty of Theology of the SBU was a small structure. It consisted of only a few people. Throughout the interwar period there were five Deans at the FT. Despite the small number of professors at the FT, the representatives of the Faculty were chosen as Rector of the SBU. The Rectors from the FT were: Czesław Falkowski and Aleksander Wóycicki. As for the process of teaching, the students of the FT of the SBU were always divided into two lecture groups: one consisted of clerics of the Vilnius Seminary and the other of lay people and priests. The studies lasted five years, every year (in June) students had to take a promotional exam before the commission and a failed exam could be retaken in September, once again, with the consent of the Faculty Council.
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    The Catholic School in the Context of Growing Migration into Europe
    Osewska, Elżbieta (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)
    In the last years, the intensified migration mostly of people from Africa and Asia altered the situation in Europe. The growing awareness of the importance of respect for human rights and the recognition of the equal value of all people of whatever ethnic origin, cultural or religious tradition, forced the European governments to adjust the institutional services to a new kind of cultural and religious diversity, but Europeans do not want to give up the economic, political, social, ethnic, cultural and religious harmony. Due to the impact of migration, many national curricula are being changed and transformed. But it is also necessary to examine how cultural and religious diversity in Europe is intertwined in school pedagogy. What are the relationships between European and multicultural values and/or between multicultural and Christian values? What is the response of educational institutions to the new political, social, cultural and religious situation in Europe especially based on huge migration influx? What are the possible conflicts between the dynamics of a changing culture on the one hand and the ambitions of the Catholic schools in 21-st century? The author of this text raises a few important questions connected with migration and education in Europe for further reflection.
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    The Importance of Family Support in the Process of the Adjustment of Current and Former Prisoners
    Niewiadomska, Iwona; Fel, Stanisław (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)
    The research presented in this paper seeks answers to two questions: What is the impact of perceived support from different actors (including family members) in a situation where problems are encountered in readapting those who have been punished by incarceration? What is the impact of perceived support from different actors (including family members) in achieving the objectives in readapting those who have been punished by incarceration? The answers to these questions are given on the basis of the results obtained by examining 296 men punished by incarceration, who on account of two criteria (location and level of adaptation), were divided into 4 groups: former prisoners with high levels of adaptation, current prisoners with high levels of adaptation, current prisoners with low levels of adaptation and former prisoners with low levels of adaptation. In the determination of the level of adaptation, in the overall result, the RISB Sentence Completion Test by J. Rotter was used, while the sources of support were studied, using the Social Support Rating Questionnaire by I. Niewiadomska. Based on these results, it may be concluded that perceived family support in overcoming problems and achieving goals – i.e. from the mother, father, siblings, fiancée/wife, relatives – does not contribute to a high level of adaptation, for those who been punished by incarceration, in both current and former prisoners. It is only low-intensely perceived help from one’s siblings and fiancée/wife’s life, which leads to a reduction of the capabilities for adaptation in people who are currently imprisoned.
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    Confessional and catechetical nature of religious education in Poland
    Mąkosa, Paweł (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)
    This paper aims at bringing to light a presentation of the nature of religious education in Poland. This study will therefore present a brief historical outline of religious upbringing in Poland, its current organisational regulations and the principles of religious education in schools. In our summary, we will present the level of effectiveness of religious education in Poland, and we will also explore the discussion on the reformation of religious education in Poland which is being worked upon.
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    Therapeutic Overzealousness. A Debate on Criteria for Withholding and Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Treatment
    Machinek, Marian (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)
    Greater human longevity is one of the biggest achievements of medicine. Timely medical interventions save countless human lives. But some of them, especially those undertaken in the face of imminent death, often generate serious ethical dilemmas. After reaching a certain critical point, the otherwise welcomed and blessed possibilities of prolonging life sometimes degenerate into a painful prolongation of dying. A spontaneous moral intuition, as well as a more balanced, careful ethical reflection – for which human life constitutes the highest value – permits withdrawal of ineffective therapy. But just what are the criteria for making that crucial decision to terminate a medical therapy? How does one define them? The article opens with the overview of terminology applied to medical interventions that fall into the category of inadequate treatment, both from the perspective of medical futility (futile treatment), the standpoint of the physician (overzealous treatment) and the actual suffering of the patient (burdensome treatment). It then examines the criteria for the termination of treatment, among which the prognosis of imminent death and disagreements over the extent of the basic medical care play crucial roles. The final parts of the article focus on some additional, though by no means less important, issues relating to end of life, like the truth at the sickbed, patient’s advance decision concerning the extent of medical interventions he is willing to accept and the physician’s conscience clause.
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    La confirmación obligatoria de sentencias declarativas de nulidad matrimonial. Cuestiones debatidas en la Comisión para la reforma del Código de Derecho Canónico [1977–1981]
    López Medina, Aurora María (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)
    In the last few months, especially since last Synod (October 2014), the question regarding the necessity of the confirmation of the sentence when declaring the invalidity marriage has become an area of debate. This article brings together the arguments surrounding this debate during the compilation of the Codex of 1983 – a debate which extended until right up to the final moments of the codification. The opinions of the contributors to the Code were varied and the debate was long and profound. Thirty years later it appears that the problems that were debated then continue to exist today.
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    Parents as parents-in-law in the light of Erik Erikson’s theory
    Juroszek, Weronika (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)
    The role of parents-in-law according to Erik Erikson’s theory, has been analyzed in this paper. Erikson claims that a man develops throughout his whole life, solving subsequently appearing crises. The proper solution of these crises enables the achievement of integration. The results of research, carried out by Menelaos Apostolou, regarding the influence of parents on the choice of a son or daughter-in-law have been presented in this paper. These results show that the marital choices of offspring most often lack their parents’ approval, and they often also lead parents to use manipulation techniques. Such regularity is often the basis of difficult spouse-parent-in-law relationships. The role of parents-in-law takes place in the period of middle adulthood in which an individual faces the productivity-stagnation process. It has been assumed that the role of parents-in-law is embedded in this crisis. According to Erikson, the crisis in the period of middle adulthood, as well as in any other period, is the friction of two opposing pursuits: progression and regression, where in case of middle adulthood, the progression stage is called productivity and regression – stagnation. Moreover, social and individual factors (including biological and psychological levels) activating regressive and progressive states in parents-in-law have been submitted for analysis. It is stressed, in this paper, that the parents’ virtue, which is care, is not limited only and exclusively to their own biological offspring – the process of upbringing should also include a broad understanding of the notion of providing welfare to future generations.
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    The Relation between Consciousness and Emotions in the Thought of Karol Wojtyła
    Hołub, Grzegorz (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)
    This article presents Karol Wojtyła’s thinking on consciousness and its possible distortion called the ‘emotionalization of consciousness’. In consciousness two functions can be distinguished, namely a receptive function and an experiencing/ interiorizing function. When the emotionalization of this dual structure takes place, consciousness is weakened in registering emotional facts (in their cognitive aspect) as well as in their proper experiencing (i.e. in referring them to the interiority of the subject). Wojtyła concentrates on self-knowledge as a power, which can contribute to limiting or eliminating the emotionalization of consciousness. However, he does not mention how to strengthen self-knowledge and make it more adequate for the job. Hence, in the paper, the author underlines the role of understanding and command of language, which can make self-knowledge a more efficient tool.
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    “The economy – the common good – happiness” The International Conference at the University of Vienna
    Fel, Stanisław (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)
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    The visual principle and the correlation between teaching of the Catholic religion and art education in Polish school
    Chałupniak, Radosław (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2015)
    Contemporary culture – as already noted – is becoming more and more visual. Contemporary catechesis, referring to its rich, centuries-long experience, should also use different types of images. The first part of this article presents the visual principle as one of basic educating principles, and the second part presents the correlation between the teaching of Catholic religion, and art education in Polish schools. One specific example of using religious painting are in textbooks. Masterpieces of painting, created during centuries and expressing particular desires of their creators, still remain an important inspiration, among others, to the religious search. Faith, though strongly anchored in words, needs representations, specific references, which allow receiving, understanding, and experiencing it. Paintings give this possibility, and even – taking into consideration the contemporary civilization – impose the necessity to use them, in order to effectively reach the contemporary receiver. Using images in education is not only the achievement of specific objectives in catechesis, but also gives an opportunity to creatively engage students and shape their aesthetic sensibility. Working with the image creates the possibility of discovering the beauty, to see it in reality and “keeping the heart”, that is the enrichment of the beauty of one’s humanity