The Person and the Challenges, 2023, Vol. 13, No. 2

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Book review: Roman Pelczar, Main Schools in Galicia in the years 1775–1873, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, Rzeszów 2021, pp. 313
Niedojadło, Andrzej (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
A Study of Sensing (S) and Intuition (N) Personality Characteristics in Selected Business School Students in Gujarat State
Makwana, Kirti (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
Personality is one of the utmost important assets of an individual which aids in categorizing the bounds of success, happiness and achievement in our life1. The study explores the sensing and intuitive personality dimensions of selected business school students across Gujarat state. Further, the study explores statistical differences in terms of various demographic aspects. NERIS Type Explorer® Scale was used to check the personality type of a total of 1067 management students. 69.5 per cent (742) of the respondents have a Sensing (S) personality dimension compared to 30.5 per cent (325) Intuition (N) personality dimension as dominating type. The conclusions of this research study are also reinforced by past research work which confirms that there are noteworthy differences between Sensing (S) and Intuitive (N) personality dimensions regarding selected demographic variables.
Long Way to the 2014 Istanbul Convention: Its Role and Significance
Hršak, Eva; Kovač, Jernej (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
This article investigates the historical aspects of physical violence in intimate relationships. The primary purpose is to illustrate the legal aspects and emotional dynamics of physical violence in intimate relationships, focusing on differences in perspective of various historical eras. We analyzed the Istanbul Convention, which represents a base document for preventing physical violence in domestic environments. In addition, we have analysed curriculum in kindergarten. We have discovered that the topics from the Istanbul Convention are incorporated in the kindergarten.
Friendship as a Means of Addiction Recovery in the Cenacolo Community: A Case Study on How Work, Prayer, and Friendship Contribute to the Change of Addictive Patterns
Mamic, Ino (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
Cenacolo community is a Catholic association whose mission is to help people overcome addiction. It originated as a grassroots movement in 1983. by sister Elvira Petrozzi and has over 50 houses worldwide, with headquarters in Italy. Over the years, the community has become known as a place where people change their addictive habits through work and prayer, by living together for an extended period of three years on average. To understand how the method works, we analysed 49 testimonials of former addicts who, at the time of giving testimony, were members of the community. What emerged from the research is that, besides work and prayer, the central motivation for the former addicts to complete the programme, is friendship. This was not clear from the outset, but gradually emerged through the application of the grounded theory. Grounded theory is the methodology developed by sociologists Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss. It allows the researcher to extract the main features of the studied reality by giving voice to the participants in the first place. Grounded theory has rarely been used in theology, and this research is one of the few done so far in the theological realm. The results show that, while work and prayer have a certain importance, the former addicts find friendship to be the main force which helps them to change their habits and start a new life.
The Instituted Ministries of Readers and Acolytes: A Kairos for the Synodality of the Liturgy
Amherdt, François-Xavier (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
Among the proposals for the implementation of the motu proprio Spiritus Domini and Antiquum Ministerium of Pope Francis (2021), opening the instituted ministries also to women and to lay people not on the way to ordination, the Note of the Italian Bishops’ Conference of June 2022, is certainly one of the most relevant with respect to the discernment, formation and conditions of access of candidates. By receiving a sacramental from the bishop in a community liturgy, for a perennial ministry at the service of the Word of God, the care of the body of Christ in the Eucharist and in the sick, as well as for Christian initiation and small base communities, the instituted ministers can contribute to the synodal revitalization of the ecclesial communion. Decreed ad experimentum for three years, the Italian document can inspire other Bishops’ Conferences around the world.
Volunteering and Catholicism in Europe. The Inside Perspective. Part 1: Theoretical
Sadlon, Wojciech; Rymsza, Marek (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
The paper analyses the social activity practices of the Catholic persons, as a set of individual and collective action emerging from the Catholic identity and structuralised under the Church-related formal non-profit initiatives. The purpose of the study is to clarify: (1) to what extent the Catholic unpaid social activities of different kinds could be classified as forms of volunteering and (2) to what extent the third sector definitions of volunteering include the specificity of Catholic activities. There are three reasons for observed tendencies to not include religion-oriented volunteering in voluntary studies. Firstly, while using tools for collecting data adequate for the secular world, researchers face methodological difficulties in order to successfully cover social activities organized in parishes and congregations. Secondly, fonist approach reflects the ideological-rooted tendency to treat religion as a matter pertaining to private life. Thirdly, some of religiousbased entities tends to keep social activities of the believers inside the church-related circle. From the Catholic perspective, volunteer engagement represents an important aspect of faith-based daily activities, so called ‘lived religion’. Social engagement of believers provided within the church-related entities, as well as outside them, usually fulfils all the main features of volunteering. The relation between volunteering and religion is to be referred, not only to the general position of faith-based and religious organizations in public sphere, but also to the embeddedness of religious life in the society, as in fact, both religion and volunteering are categories social per se. Reflection on volunteering and Catholicism is illustrated by presenting empirical evidence from the 2018 panel expert research among representatives of 29 Catholic Bishops Conferences across Europe.
The Identity of Fate and the Identity of Choice: Between the Routine of Continuation and the Ordinariness of Rejection
Świątkiewicz, Wojciech (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
Culture and religion still interrelate with one another. The presence of religious values in social life depends, above all, on the processes of constructing cultural identities in the course of socialization and education, which warrant the experience of the ontological realness of the social world. In the encyclical Veritatis splendor, John Paul II highlights the issue of culture, whose essence is “the moral sense, and which is in turn rooted and fulfilled in the religious sense.”1 However, in the contemporary culture, there are strong tendencies to separate truth from freedom and faith from morality. As a result, “the moral sense” becomes dissociated from “the religious sense.” In this article, I introduce the category of fate which emphasizes reproducibility, the inter-generational reproduction of patterns of religious stances and practices, confessional affiliations on the level of obviousness of the profiles of social personality, and the natural character of the structures of the social world in which Christianity is “like the air” we breathe, indispensable to preserve our existence. In opposition to the culture of fate there is the culture of choice, described with the category of prefiguration which sets our imagination free from the obligatory character of the cultural and religious model of the past. The problem hinted at in the title of this article, is illustrated by the results of sociological research, which demonstrates attitudes of selective acceptance/rejection of the Decalogue and which becomes “the inverse Decalogue”,as such fitting into the liquid reality. Its sign is the imperative of choice which contributes to the deconstruction of the axiological invariants which are the basis of Christian civilization.
Trauma and Spirituality
Šeremet, Ana (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
Cardinal Stanislaw Nagy’s Ecumenical Ecclesiology
Napiórkowski, Andrzej (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
The systematic theology of the 20th and 21st centuries has experienced revolutionary changes. The tremendous effort of theologians – which was already evident on the eve of Vatican II to experience order and confirmation during its deliberations – is still bearing fruit today. It seems that interpretations of the Council’s teaching have now become more problematic than the doctrine of Vatican II itself. One of the great figures of the theological world is Prof. Stanislaw Nagy, whose create efforts were honoured with a cardinalate, and to whom we are all indebted. Indeed, it is worth discovering his difficult path from the pre-council rigorous spiritual and intellectual formation to formal apologetics, thus paving the way for fundamental theology in Poland during the Communist period, to the ecumenical commitment of the times of freedom. In this respect, it is not without reason to speak of his ecumenical vision of the Church.
Doctor Crucis. The Criteria for Conferral of the Title of Doctor of the Church and their Application to the Case of Edith Stein. Part II
Guerrero van der Meijden, Jadwiga (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
Edith Stein is widely recognised as a saint, a martyr, a victim of the Holocaust and a female philosopher – but can she be a Doctor of the Church? So far, thirty-seven figures, including four women, carry the title due to their so-called ‘eminent doctrines’, eminentes doctrinae. For centuries, a procedural difficulty existed in awarding the titles to martyrs, however, in the second decade of the 21st century, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints reached a conclusion that martyrdom is not, in principle, an obstacle in awarding the title. A question, therefore, can be posed: does the legacy of someone among the Christian martyrs fulfill the criteria of the Church’s Doctorate? The aim of this article is to investigate the criteria for conferral of the title of the Doctor of the Church, prime among which is a criterion called eminens doctrina, and apply them to one example, that of Edith Stein. In doing so, I consider the question purely historically and philosophically, starting out with definitions of the Father of the Church and the Doctor of the Church in part one (published in June 2023, no 1, p. 131– 149). In the second part of the article (available below), I ask what aspects of the female martyr’s theology, philosophy and spirituality fulfill the criteria of an eminent doctrine, as formulated in the Church’s documents, and which are insufficient or lacking. In order to highlight the nature of a particular criterion, I contrast Stein’s case with other recently debated cases, such as those of Irenaeus of Lyons and John Paul II.
The Perspective of Archival Discoveries in the Study of Karol Wojtyła’s Philosophy
Petryszak, Karol (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
The aim of this paper is to present archival discoveries made, among others, by the author in the Archives of the Metropolitan Curia in Cracow. The discoveries concern the manuscript of Karol Wojtyła, and are connected to his work on the postdoctoral thesis. This discovery was also presented in the context of its possible influence on the study of Wojtyła’s philosophy, based on Etienne Gilson’s conception of the method of studying the history of philosophy (the necessity of considering the whole of thought in the context of its individual elements, the context of impersonal necessity, etc.).
Change Readiness and Positive Orientation in Professional Helpers in the Polish Welfare System during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Czechowska-Bieluga, Marta; Zielińska, Patrycja; Krawczyk, Renata; Sordyl-Lipnicka, Barbara (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
The COVID-19 pandemic is undoubtedly a crisis situation, which means that the lives of persons experiencing it will never be the same as before. Professional helpers are faced with numerous challenges related to the change in their work flow, the need to modify strategies, work methods and tools, or to the switch from on-site to remote work. In this context, professional helpers’ resources are of considerable importance, as they constitute an important part of the welfare system. The analysis of the results of previous studies suggests that social workers’ change readiness and positive orientation not only may increase their professional effectiveness, but may even foster better quality of life. The present study investigated positive orientation and change readiness, as important predictors of professional functioning of persons in the sample group. The questionnaires were distributed among 189 professional helpers working in the Polish welfare system. The response rate was 98% (the final sample consisted of 185 persons) The results show that most subjects are characterized by the below-optimal levels of all the analyzed traits of the change readiness, but high and medium levels of positive orientation. The groups differed from one another in terms of adaptability (difference close to statistically significant). Change readiness and positive orientation may constitute important resources for professional helpers. Long service, being married, and a low level of change-readiness revealed in the presented study, may indicate that change-readiness is a general tendency in specific individuals, and is not dependent on the nature of changes themselves. The results may prompt a search for relations between personality factors and changereadiness.
The Field of Education in Reconstruction as the Consequence of COVID Pandemic Rebuilding Education? Mapping Landscapes of Changes in the COVID-19 Era
Ślusarczyk, Magdalena; Świątkiewicz-Mośny, Maria (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
The pandemic outbreak in 2020 has influenced all aspects of social life. We focus on the education system and its impact on social (in)equality using Poland’s case to analyse them, through the notion of Bordieuan social field and knowledge-power relations. We claim that lockdown put into motion important processes or even systemic changes of education, by the emancipation and empowerment mechanism of social actors that aspire to be an active part of the educational field. In Poland, we deal with a static, centralized and hierarchic system. The time of pandemic made the field of education more dynamic. New actors were invited with the result that the power-knowledge relations changed. In this frame, we put the question about educational inequalities. We ask how the educational field is changing in face of the unforeseen and scarcely manageable global pandemic risk. Do they mean less in the global pandemic context or, on the contrary, are they strengthened?
Teaching Education Process and Citizenship in the Contemporary Digital Environment. Pre and Post-Covid Perspectives
Karakatsani, Despina; Kinal, Jarosław (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
The rapidly changing reality, which has been influenced by the development of technology and the industrial revolution since the nineteenth century, has largely weakened the teaching profession and the form and type of professional certification. This weakening also devaluates the idea of citizenship, which is largely conveyed during the education process. Contemporary education (4.0) is focused on practical education, where the space for shaping attitudes and creating behaviour patterns is marginalised. The relationship between education and industry related to socialisation and culture-forming processes is part of the development of individuals in societies and part of a broader formal development plan for different types of state and national organisations. The processes of systemic changes in education do not always keep up with the changing social, political and economic situation. The authors of this article indicate how the teacher education process looked in the past, through a sociohistorical approach based on the understanding of what teachers think about the meaning of digital learning in everyday school life and work. In order to do this, it was necessary to undertake an investigation from the perspective of the teachers themselves. This was helpful for the analysis of the semantic and ideological imperfection of education 4.0, based on the role of teaching staff in digital citizenship education.
Parents Catechesis: for Children, Family or for Adults?
Stala, Józef (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
The Author of article provides an important information about parent catechesis from Catholic perspective. He reminds the basis of parent catechesis, beginning with the historical importance and explanations contained in the Church Documents: “Parents are the primary educators in the faith. Together with them, especially in certain cultures, all members of the family play an active part in the education of the younger members’ (General Directory for Catechesis255). If parents are the most important persons of the education of children in the faith, they need to be well prepared for fulfilling their mission that includes especially treating catechesis as lifelong process, the learning of Christian doctrine andmethods of family catechesis, permanent formation of mothers and fathers into the fullness of Christian life. The conclusion presents main challenges and advocates an intensification of catechetical activity in our times.
Karol Wojtyla’s Efforts and Contemporary Attitudes towards Parenthood. Success or Failure
Dudziak, Urszula (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
Not only during the period of his Pontificate, but also during previous years, the activity of Karol Wojtyła is worth recalling, appreciating and internalizing, and his preached and written teaching on responsible parenthood should be put into practice. The teaching about man, love, marriage, and parenthood is still relevant today. However, there are both those who support them as well as those who oppose them, particularly, opponents who avoid moral principles, especially in the field of the transmission of life. Therefore, a question arises about the effects of Cardinal Wojtyła’s efforts to protect the dignity of a child and a woman – mother, as well as morality in the area of procreation. The victory of the truth, visible in the encyclical Humanae vitae promulgated by Paul VI, is a success, while the spread of demoralization experienced to this day by groups promoting abortion and contraception and especially the poor moral condition of future spouses and parents, creates new challenges.
Moral Upbringing in Families Based on a Mixed Marriage: the Catholic-Lutheran perspective
Gwoździewicz, Tomasz (The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, 2023)
This article presents the issue of moral upbringing in families based on a mixed Catholic-Lutheran marriage in a synthetic way. In the time of the crisis of upbringing as such, it becomes essential to pay attention to moral upbringing, which is the foundation of all education, and should be passed on by parents, as the first educators. They take actions that, despite a difference in religion, guide children to form a moral conscience, proper interpersonal relations, and educate them about love, that should be based on truth. In mixed denominational families, the transmission of moral upbringing takes place in the spirit of ecumenism, which means that, despite the threats that may arise, the testimony of Christian love and unity speaks out even stronger.

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