Polonia Sacra, 2011, R. 15 (33), Nr 29 (73)

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    Rzymskie i wczesnobizantyjskie złoto w barbarzyńskich skarbcach i sakiewkach (IV-VI wiek n.e.)
    Iluk, Jan (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II, 2011)
    In every epoch the political and economic problem was the flow of gold out the country. In Late Roman Empire sums paid as annonae foederaticae, tribute and donativo are traceable in the source material. On the other hand, there is much evidence of tribute paid to barbarian tribes. This information has often persuaded historians that these payments were the main reason for the collapse of the Roman economy. We have tried to demonstrate that such a view is too extreme. Above all, one has to remember that Imperial diplomacy did not allow the number of recipients of gold to increase and, more important still, it was able to maintain these payments at an almost constant level for two centuries. We might add that from the mid-5th century onwards, there was a noticeable increase in the gold stocks in the Eastern Empire’s treasury. The purposes of the tributes varied depending on time and political circumstances. An analysis of the sources shows that payments of imperial gold usually involved: - the purchase of a military alliance with some barbarian leader - the protection of the state from barbarian invasions - the support of pro-Roman pretenders to barbarian thrones - the buying off of prisoners of war Tributes were usually paid out at the imperial court where representatives of barbarian leaders had come to collect them. The entire operation was directed by the comes sacrarum largitionum. These payments are described in the sources as Stipendium, which were remitted annually to the emperor’s foederati. The provenance of the recipients of Roman gold shows clearly from which direction Rome expected the greatest threats. In the 5th century, it were the Huns who were paid the largest sums of imperial gold. Numerous tributes were paid to the Gothic tribes, also in the second half of the 5th century. During the 5th century lavish pay-outs in gold were other tribes. Above all we should keep in mind the massive contributions paid to the Visigoths in the first years of this century. From the mid-5th century onwards, tributes were paid from the treasury of the Eastern Empire. In Zeno’s time, large quantities of gold were put aside as donativa for the Isaurians. In the 6th century, almost all the outgoing gold found its way to Persian. In the 560s, new “receivers” of Byzantine gold appear on the scene, in areas bordering on the Black Sea and later in the Danube valley. In the history of the Byzantine Empire the chapter of struggles with the Avars now opens. These instances of the imperial wealth at the close of the 5th and beginning of the 6th centuries demonstrate that the tributes paid out to the barbarians did not directly threaten the financial state of the Empire. Silent witnesses of these contributions and the same time lingering traces of the stormy period of tribal migrations in the 5th and 6th centuries are the hoards of solidi still found occasionally in Central and Northern Europe. The finds of gold coins in areas to the north of the Danube and east of the Elbe quite clear that these solidi were almost all issued in the 5th century and the first half of the 6th - the last issues of Justinian’s rule. The majority of finds have been made in Scandinavia and the southern Baltic coast, indeed 50 of the 70 hoards were discovered in this area. The spread of gold coins from the Danube to Scandinavia came about in stages. The first one was the transport of the gold from the imperial treasury to the seats of the Hun or Gothic rulers. From there, in the second stage, many gold coins became scattered about the entire Barbaricum area as result of trading or tribal connections. It must be stressed here that only part of the solidi received from the Romans were accepted in inter-tribal dealings. Most of the coins were melted down, and the gold later used in the production of jewellery.
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    Edykt Teoderyka, przepisy synodalne a prawo azylu
    Ożóg, Monika; Pietras, Henryk (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II, 2011)
    The article surveys the results of research of Theodoric legislation with regard to asylum in church buildings in the light of the Code of Theodosius and the canons of the Synod. The study leads to the conclusion referring to the author of the edict: it seems that the researched provisions better reflect the political, social and ecclesiastical situation (particularly the “Laurentian schism”) in the Ostrogothic Italy of Theodoric than in Gaul, Theodoric II Visigothic kingdom.
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    Historyczne konsekwencje liturgicznej i architektonicznej odnowy strefy ołtarza a posoborowa obecność tabernakulum
    Bogdan, Mirosław (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II, 2011)
    The article discusses the construction of the altar area for the liturgy of the Eucharist in churches after Vatican II. It takes up the issue of the tabernacle’s place in the space of the church building and the legitimacy of constructing two altars, one general for the whole of the nave and the other belonging to the chapel for the celebrations on weekdays. The author shows the need to consider both the theological expression and artistic sensibility in creating sacred space. It is a symbiosis of architecture and liturgy, which together are responsible for the spiritual harmony of the church interiors of bygone eras and the modern period.
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    Konstruktywna otwartość systemu filozoficznego jako warunek jego przydatności teologicznej à propos pewnej idei Jeana-Luca Mariona
    Woźniak, Robert (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II, 2011)
    The article attempts to describe some important features of Jean-Luc Marion’s conceptualization of relation between philosophy and theology. The main question of present inquire is the examination of theology’s own exigencies in respect to philosophy. The analyze shows that one of the fundamental characteristic of the philosophy which makes it appropriate for theology is its openness. Philosophical system has to be able to continual evolution in order to donate theology useful tools of speculation and argumentation. This openness is the synonym of the constructive abilities inherent to concrete philosophical system.
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    G. Perego, Nowy Testament a życie konsekrowane, Edycja św. Pawła, Częstochowa 2010, 249 s.
    Kiciński, Jacek (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II, 2011)
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    Roman Mazurkiewicz, Z dawnej literatury maryjnej. Zarysy i zbliżenia, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego, Kraków 2011, 225 s.
    Panuś, Kazimierz (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II, 2011)
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    Andrzej A. Napiórkowski OSPPE, Teologia jedności chrześcijan. Podręcznik ekumenizmu, Wydawnictwo Salwator, Kraków 2011, 221 s.
    Kałużny, Tadeusz (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II, 2011)
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    Matka wszystkich chrześcijan
    Życiński, Wojciech (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II, 2011)
    The gradual reemergence of Mary as a preeminent member of the church began to take formidable shape and scope in the last few years. Because the resurfacing was happening in the context of a balanced theology and piety which attended to scriptural, patristic and biblical roots as well as to pastoral and ecumenical implications, it was particular cause for celebration. It was also the primary impetus for gathering a community of scholars to share their significant research with the wider community.If our veneration of Mary is authentic, then we can hope for a new springtime of evangelization, and progress in the cause of Christian unity. „My soul glorifies the Lord”, said Mary in the Magnificat. What Mary did on this occasion, she does everyday: when we praise her, love her, honor her, or give to her, God is praised, God is loved, God is honored; we give to God with Mary trough Mary, as Mary and in Mary.
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    Ochrona funkcji wychowawczej rodziny, red. J. Krukowski, A. Maćkowski, Wydział Teologiczny Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego, Szczecin 2007, 268 s.
    Stala, Józef (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II, 2011)
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    Synody czasów upadku i przemiany Imperium Rzymskiego na Zachodzie
    Baron, Arkadiusz (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II, 2011)
    The article tries to describe the new situation of the Roman Empire in the West produced by Germanic invations in the IV and V centuries. The main question is, how the Church in her synodical activity worked, when barbarians took the political power over and created new kingdoms. How the relations with Rome, from one side, and the relations with many different kings of small new countries, efected or changed the organising of synods? The article is divided into eight sections: synodical practice in the early Church; historical and political background in the V and VI centuries; synods in Italy in the V and VI centuries (especially in Rome and in Ravenna); synods in Gallia in the V and VI centuries (especially in Arles, Orange, Orlean and so called royal synods); synods in Spain from the V till VI century (especially in Toledo); synods in Africa in the V and VI centuries (especially in Carthage); synods in Ireland and Britain from the V till the VIII century; and the last part summarizing the synods in the Western Roman Empire and the further progress of European countries and the synodical structures.
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    Duszpasterstwo w Kościele Zachodnim w VI wieku. Zarys problematyki
    Kasprzak, Dariusz (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II, 2011)
    In the western catholic church of the sixth century we can observe some crucial changes in attitude to the pastoral care of the previous centuries. The Catechumenal way of Christian formation practically disappeared. A ritual catechumenate as a direct preparation for baptism emerged instead. Mainly children were baptized in the 6th century. The preaching became a general catechesis directed towards the formal teaching of frequently half-converted Christians as exemplified by Cesarius of Arles or the admonitions Gregory the Great. The local church was dependent upon the social support of the German sovereigns. Gregory the Great developed St. Augustines thesis of social classes and created specific class division, ie. preacher (suzerain), friar and spouses (laity). On this basis the established early feudal structure consisted of preachers (ruling), friars and spouses (laity). In the 6th century parishes depended on local secular authorities. The Concordat of Worms in 1222 brought to an end this political intrusion upon local parishes. Peasant farmers (colons) and "servi glebae" made up the larger part of parish worshippers in the 6th century. The pastoral care was concentrated on a liturgical celebration and the preaching of a moralizing catechesis. During this time the veneration of local saints became widely established. The plague of alcoholism and those still existing local pagan cults also constituted important tasks. From this time up to the Vaticanum Secundum, there disappeared the holding sacred of all the baptized by the power of the confessed faith and the baptism. It seems that in the 6th century the sacramental, dogmatic and pastoral essence of the Church slowly faded. Only the second half of the 20th century finally brought the solution to this long-lasting crisis.
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    Stanowisko cesarzy bizantyńskich wobec rządów Teoderyka Wielkiego na Zachodzie
    Ożóg, Monika (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II, 2011)
    The aim of the present article is the present the Byzantine emperors’ stand towards the rule of Theodoric the Great in the West. Those contacts depended on the situation in Italy and Byzantium at that time. The Theodoric’s actions connected with holding the official power over Italy and obtaining the crown were related to adhering to a certain policy towards Zeno and Anastasius. Next, the contacts of the emperor with Theodoric exacerbated when the king sent the army to Illyria in 504. Several years later, the Goth in a letter to Anastasium wrote that he cared very much about peace and agreement with the emperor. What also play a significant role here was the Laurentian schism and the Acacian schism (if the then religious situation is taken into consideration). Along with the election of Pope Hormisdas in 514, and then with the new emperor Justin, the contacts of Italy with the emperor entered a new phase.
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    Idealne miasto Christianopolis. Struktura urbanistyczna i społeczna
    Bywalec, Agnieszka (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II, 2011)
    Christianopolis – the ideal city – was created by a Protestant pastor and philosopher Johann Valentin Andreae, who lived in the seventeenth century, near Stuttgart. His work was inspired by Thomas Moore’s Utopia and the City of the Sun by Tommaso Campanella. The German minister has enriched his book on original ideas and a number of symbolic content associated with the Protestant pietism. His ideas are compared with ideas of his predecessors and their views on the urban layout and principles of social organization.The article presents the characteristics of Christianopolis with a particular reference to the description of the urban and social structures.
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    Recepcja beatyfikacji i kanonizacji a tytuły parafii erygowanych w Archidiecezji Krakowskiej w latach 1978-2010
    Cholewa, Marcin; Gilski, Marek; Mieczkowski, Janusz (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II, 2011)
    The involvement of John Paul II in canonization issues was expressed in two dimensions. The first referred to his legislative activity, i.e. setting norms for canonization proceedings, and the latter concerned the declaration of the blessed and saints. The aim of this article is to answer how many parishes of the Archdiocese of Krakow have been entrusted to the care of those declared saints and blessed by John Paul II.The following conclusions have been drawn on the basis of the conducted analysis: – 26 beatifications and 9 canonizations took place during the pontificate ofjohn Paul II. – Out of 186 parishes of the Archdiocese of Krakow founded in the years 1979-2010, 62 of them (33 per cent) were dedicated to the blessed and saints, including 21 (11 per cent) dedicated to those beatified and canonized by John Paul II. – Through beatification and canonizationjohn Paul II emphasized an exceptional role of the saints involved in the works of mercy. The former tradition addressed mainly the importance of martyrdom. This new approach is reflected in current patronage practices (patrocinium).
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    Obraz Jezusa Syna Dawida w dwudziele św. Łukasza (Łk-Dz)
    Mikołajczak, Mieczysław (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II, 2011)
    The promise of God given to David heralds eternal existence of his house and monarchy (2 Samuel 7,12-16). Judaism cherished hope associated with the promise that God would raise a monarch anointed like David, who would free people from slavery and set up the law for them. This is a model of a son of David, awaited in the entire history of Israel. Luke 1: 27 says that Joseph comes from the house of David, and Luke 1,32 says that the Son of Mary will sit on the throne of his father, David. Genealogy, too, connects Jesus with David, who fulfills the Messianic hopes connected with the king of Israel. Without denying this relationship with David, Jesus showed distance with regard to the messianic expectations of the people of that era. He is the king above all because he is the son of God and not because he is the family of David. He takes David’s throne to fulfill the prophecies of the Old Testament. From this throne he will reign forever and judge the peoples.
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    Św. Paweł: zapomniane początki i wspólnotowy charakter mistyki chrześcijańskiej?
    Misztal, Wojciech (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II, 2011)
    Christian mysticism is a broad field with a long and rich history. The article is a result of research into its origin and nature. The author shows that there has been mysticism in Christianity since its beginnings. He shows the New Testament data in this perspective, especially the data contained in the Corpus Paulinum. These texts allow us to show two characteristic points in the spirituality and mysticism of early Christianity. What matters in the first place is the relationship with the Holy Trinity, that is the moment when the Father, Christ and the Holy Spirit take abode in a Christian. The author also depicts the mysticism of immersion with Christ in death and resurrection, which concerns the whole Christian life.