Polonia Sacra, 2002, R. 6 (24), Nr 11 (55)

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Izrael i Maryja – obietnica i realizacja. Symbolika Starego Testamentu w mariologii nowotestamentalnej
Życiński, Wojciech (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2002)
Unity and mutual dependency of the Old and the New Testament are requisites of correct interpretation and understanding of Christian doctrine. The above mentioned principle is also binding on the doctrine in the field of Mariology. It would be difficult to understand New Testament Mariology excepting prophecies and symbolism of the Old Testament The paper uses Old Testament implications not only in reference to the basic theological theses in the field of Mariology (Divine maternity, conceiving of the Holy Spirit), but also to justify statements which stem from the cult of the Virgin Mary and popular devotion.
Analiza prawosławnej mariologii na podstawie lektury trzech ważnych tekstów
Kijas, Zdzisław (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2002)
Pour la théologie de l'Eglise orthodoxe, la Mère de Jésus-Christ est avant tout et surtout la Thèotokos, la Mère de Dieu, celle qui a vraiment enfanté par la chair le Logos divin, Le Fils de Dieu, dans le sens fort de ce terme. Pour ce qui est de la place de la Théotokos dans la liturgie et la piété de l'Eglise, le mot qui caractérise cette place est celui d'omniprésence. Omniprésente, elle l'est tout d'abord dans l'année liturgique. La Mère de Dieu est également omniprésente dans la liturgie par une abondante hymnographie mariale qui déborde largement le cadre de fêtes liturgiques. Cette hymnographie, dans bien des cas, est l'oeuvre des plus grands mélodes. Elle est également omniprésente dans la piété privée. Des prières adressées à la Théotokos se trouvent incluses parmi les prières que les chrétiens orthodoxes sont invités à réciter le matin, au lever, le soir, avant de se coucher, ou lors de la préparation à la sainte Communion. Les icônes les plus vénérées dans le peuple et les familles sont celles de la Mère de Dieu. Aussi les théologiens orthodoxes sont intéressée de la mariologie de sont Eglise. Dans cet article nous avons étudié deux auteurs orthodoxes russes et ses livres: S. Boulgakov – L’Orthodoxie et P. Evdokimov – aussi sous le même titre – L'Orthodoxie. En plus on a étudiée aussi Die est vivant. Catéchisme pour les familles, préparé par une équipe de chrétiens orthodoxes en France. Auteurs de ses trois livres disent que la vénération de la Mère de Dieu est étroitement liée à sa maternité divine et à ses liens avec la Personne et l'oeuvre de son Fils.
Nowy król w starożytnym Izraelu. Obrzędy intronizacyjne
Bogacz, Roman (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2002)
The Bible is a religious book whose aim is, first of all, to pass on the truth about God and human being in relation to the Creator. It passes on, nevertheless, the history of the chosen nation. The history of Israel is shown in a fragmentary way. The article attempts to collect the fragmentary data scattered throughout the Bible concerning rituals connected with taking charge by a new king. The rituals began in a sanctuary (a sacred tent, a temple), and were then continued in a royal palace. In the sanctuary, royal insignia were put on and anointing ceremony was performed. Regalia consisted of a crown (diadem) and certificate. Later, when the monarch's rule became associated with judging, the sceptre was added. Anointing, which constituted the proper consecration ritual, was performed by God's man: a prophet and priest. Solemn acclamation began in the sanctuary and accompanied the procession on the way to king's palace. In the palace the other two ceremonies were performed: enthronement and paying homage to the new king by his subordinates.
Chrześcijański ruch robotniczy w Królestwie Polskim na przełomie XIX i XX wieku
Dębiński, Józef (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2002)
A working-class issue became part of a big social problem at the turn of the 19th century. This period is marked by migration of people from the country to towns. The fact that in 1864 about 70,000 workers migrated, while shortly before World War I as many as 400,000, shows die rapid rate of growth in number and quality of this social class. Working-class centres were particularly numerous in Warsaw and Piotrków provinces, where there were 30 workers for every 100 inhabitants. The new social class grew in number, but not in material well-being. It became less educated and impoverished, both materially and morally. Some factors which influenced this situation were: callousness of foreign capital, industrial changes, especially around 1900, and the fact that factory industry was not accompanied by political and social development. Until 1905 the working world remained at the mercy of three factors: socialism, government and good will of capitalists. It was only the 1905 revolution that showed the full condition of this new social stratum: its material poverty and moral decay.
Dobro wspólne w demokratycznym państwie prawa
Drzyżdżyk, Szymon (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2002)
The paper discusses one of the most essential categories of modem democracies, i.e. the common good. It is at the top of priority lists of most entities whose aim is to gain influence in a country. The issue of the common good is by no means an easy matter either in theory (i.e. in defining the notion itself and relating it to other categories), or in practice (i.e. in executing it by means of particular entities which inhabit social space). How to serve the common good, how to multiply it in adverse circumstances? Why is thinking in the categories of the common good such a rare thing, even in these institutions which, it might seem, should strive for it hardest? The paper is trying to answer these and other questions referring to a large degree to the experiences of Ernst Wolfgang Bockenforde, philosopher and lawyer, judge of the Constitutional Tribunal in Karlsruhe.
Starość w Biblii
Jelonek, Tomasz (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2002)
In considering the issue of old age the Biblical address on the subject cannot be ignored. The Bible is first of all a religious book which originated within the confines of particular religions (Judaism and Christianity); it contains fundamental contents for the profession of faith for those who consider it to be the word of God. Simultaneously, it can be said that the Bible records the dialogue which God is having with the humankind; the dialogue in which God presents Himself as a Saviour approaching human beings in order to take them in His arms. In this dialogue God not only presents, but also shows His deeds of a saviour asking human beings whether they agree to God's plan. Man is supposed to answer and this answer makes up the second part of the dialogue as a dialogue must involve both parties. The whole contents of the Bible is a picture of thus defined dialogue, in which God never ceases in His efforts to win over human beings while they only too frequently respond in a negative way and oppose God's initiatives.
Gertruda Detzel – święta z sowieckich łagrów
Koller, Stanisław (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2002)
After the October Revolution, under communist rule in the USSR, religion was totally destroyed and forbidden. Priests were murdered or imprisoned. The Catholic Church ceased to exist. The faithful, however, remained. “Babushkas”, i.e. younger or older women were the only ones able to save faith in the “dark night of bolshevism” They gathered in the so called “Living Rosary” prayer groups. It was they who taught children to pray, baptised, buried the dead, visited the sick, brought families together for the ceremony of wedding. Their life, which was a mission and a testimony, ended quite often in martyrdom. Thus, in the seventy years of communism we were witnessing the “home priesthood of women” in the USSR. One of them was Gertrud Detzel. She served God and people in a special pastoral service, even at the time of imprisonment. Hers was a life of sainthood marked by converting thousands of people. She is one of the candidates for altars of the communist times from the territory of the former Soviet Union.
Motywy maryjne w twórczości Wiaczesława Iwanowa
Dudek, Andrzej (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2002)
A characteristic feature of the Russian culture at the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th century was the search for a universal formula able to explain both the structure of space and the place of human being in the world. Thinking in categories of space and eternity was characteristic of the epoch. Ivanov's broad treatment of the motif of the Virgin Mary is part of ideological quest of his contemporaries like Vladimir Soloviov's deliberation or Alexander Blok's Poems of a Beautiful Lady. However, for the author of the Guiding Stars the admiration for the Virgin Mary was not a passing pose of an artist yielding to fashionable trends. Creating his vision of culture, Ivanov became convinced that all cultures in the world contain a grain of truth and that it was Christianity that expressed it best. Moving through epochs and regions, he was looking for a confirmation of this presumption, trying to express Christian truths with the help of other cultures code. In 1902 Ivanov came to a conclusion that the truth about the Virgin Mary can be expressed only in the language of poetry since this truth is inaccessible for prose. Applying this principle, he created poetical and theological discourse, in which the Virgin Mary was presented as the key to the mystery of existence. Looking at the development of culture in the light of Her life, the poet noticed features of a God-oriented world, both in Christian times and before the birth of Jesus. Consistency with which the poet and thinker referred to all contexts he was familiar with, while making the vision of the Mother of Christ more concrete, multiple aspects of his depictions and care taken of their ideological coherence gives his efforts a dimension of peculiar poetical Mariology.
Negatywne aspekty polskiej rzeczywistości wychowawczej w latach 1947-1989
Studenski, Marek (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2002)
The paper discusses negative aspects of the reality of upbringing in Poland in the years 1947-1989. In order to fulfil the task of bringing up a “new man” and moulding the so called “scientific outlook”, theoreticians of the period suggested in the first place a necessity of isolating children from the influence of their family and a need of eradicating the influence of religion. Family had a subordinate role in upbringing, the process being taken over by state institutions. Nowadays we stand a chance of restoring the family's due, i.e. leading, role in the process of upbringing as well as ensuring close co-operation of family, Church and school.
Specyfika katechezy biblijnej we współczesnej szkole
Stypułkowska, Beata (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2002)
Le cours de religion à l'école est animé par l'Eglise. Il possède donc sa spécificité propre et on ne peut pas le traiter comme les autres cours scolaires. Pour bien réaliser la mission d'annoncer la Parole de Dieu, la catéchèse doit avoir deux buts à réaliser qui sont d'ailleurs fortement liés mutuellement: le but didactique et le but pédagogique. Le premier contient la doctrine qui doit être apprise ou approfondie par les élèves. Le deuxième but se réfère par contre à la formation de la vie spirituelle c'est-à-dire à renforcer les liens entre élève et Dieu. Tout cela s'exprime dans l'habitude de la prière et dans l'introduction à la vie sacramentelle et liturgique. Le but pédagogique ne sert pas à conquérir un savoir ou une habitude quelconques. Il sert à connaître la doctrine catholique. De même, le but pédagogique ne concerne pas seulement l'éducation morale qui est réalisée en général par l'école. Cette éducation apporte une dimension beaucoup plus large et sert à l'éducation chrétienne, ouverte à l'influence de la grâce et des dons du Saint-Esprit En raison de l'importance de la proclamation de la Parole de Dieu qui invite à une attitude concrète de l'acceptation, on ne peut abandonner aucun des buts catéchistique. On ne peut non plus les unir en un seul but général. On doit garder leur spécificité et leur particularité. Dans cet article on a entrepris la question concernant la préparation des buts d'enseignement pour les plans didactiques: directionnel, résultant et méthodique. On a montré le rôle important du plan directionnel, mais aussi l'importance des directionnels buts didactiques et pédagogiques. On a présenté aussi l'utilité de la taxinomie des buts pour les plans résultants. Enfin, on a proposé de formuler les buts généraux et détaillés pour les plans méthodiques.
Rola synodów partykularnych we współczesnym Kościele
Rozkrut, Tomasz (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2002)
Il motivo a fare la riflessione sui concili particolari nella Chiesa odierna parte dalla chiusura del II Concilio Plenario della Polonia (1991-1999) e dal XX anniversario della chiusura del Concilio provinciale di Cracovia (1975-1983). L'articolo consta da quattro parti, dove si analizza all'inizio brevemente la storia del concilio particolare, il concilio particolare nel CIC del 1983, e successivamente II Concilio Plenario della Polonia e Primo Concilio provinciale di Cracovia – Communio et Communicatio. Nella conclusione si sottolinea l'importanza della buona applicazione di tutto il cammino conciliare.
„Dym” w Apokalipsie
Zbroja, Bogdan (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2002)
Le but de cet article est d'approfondir la connaissance du therme: „καπνός, ó; -ού” dans L'Apocalypse du Saint Jean. Le contexte pour le dernier des livres de La Bible c'est „Septuaginta” L'Ancien Testament grec et aussi Les Actes Des Apotres où nous rencontrons ce mot exploré. Par raport aux autres livres canoniques „La Vision du Saint Jean” assure la continuité sur la ligne du developpement de toute La Bible. Il existe comme même une augmentation visible de qualité de la transposition entre „Septuaginte” et „L'Apocalypse” Le Visionaire de Patmos met l'accent sur la victoire final du bon sur le mal. Le camp du mal sera detruit totalement et sa fumée se levera pour les siêcles. Le probleme gramatique lié au therme: „fumée” reste toujours pas resolu. L'Apocalypse s'en sert en deux tiers de son texte tandis que le mot „ως” (come, come si) utilisé souvent par les experts apocalyptiques n'apparait que deux fois. Cette remarque fait l'objet de prochaines récherches terminologiques concernant „L'Oeuvre du Saint Jean”.
Przemoc na ekranie
Zwoliński, Andrzej; (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2002)
Love and social solidarity, the bases of a political system of countries built on Christian and democratic traditions, demand trenchant criticism of any form of violence and aggression. Social psychology shows the following methods of violence reduction: • using rational argumentation, which shows dangerous character of aggression as well as misery and damages suffered by both victims and aggressors; • inflicting punishment – severe punishment is effective but shortlived; if used carelessly it has contrary results: parents who inflict severe punishment usually have aggressive children since punishment is connected with frustration – one of the main reasons of aggression; punishing aggressive models – a variation of punishment which consists in punishing someone else and thus showing the child an aggressive model that will come to a bad end; rewarding alternative upbringing patterns – ignoring the child when he or she behaves badly while rewarding non-aggressive behaviour; developing empathy towards others – it is difficult for the majority of people to purposefully hurt another person unless they find some way to dehumanise their victim. An analysis of the influence of televised message on aggressive behaviour of children and youth leads to the following conclusions: • parents should control and limit the time their children spend in front of a television set and teach them a critical, selective approach to television watching; pressure should be brought to bear on the producers so that programmes for children should be attractive and at the same time convey moral values; schools should teach broadly understood mass-media pedagogy; instruction in moving about in the world of mass-media is essential, especially with regard to ethical assessment of their subject matter and understanding the mechanisms which govern fiction.
Apocalisse di Giovanni con commento tratto dai Padri, Santi e Mistici della Chiesa, red. A. Barzaghi, Montespertoli 1997, ss. 709
Zbroja, Bogdan (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2002)
Apostolstwo świeckich w świetle wskazań polskich Synodów Plenarnych
Dyduch, Jan (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2002)
Due Sinodi Plenari della Polonia nel XX secolo si occupavano dell'apostolato dei laici. Differenti dal punto di vista del carattere, del tempo di durare, della situazione sociologica, politica ed religisa, essi nello stresso modo vedono l'apostolato come attività dei laici per diffondere il Regno di Dio sulla terra. I laici svolgono loro attività apostolica in modo individuale attraverso la testimonianza della vita e della parola, come pure facendo parte delle associazioni e dei movementi. Il Sinodo Plenario della Polonia nel 1936 parlando dell'apostolato dei laici precedeva in un'certo senso il Vaticano Il e del II Sinodo Plenario della Polonia (1991-1999).
Znaczenie i funkcja rzeczywistości „communio” w ramach misji Kościoła
Krzywda, Józef (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2002)
L'oggetto della riflessione dell'autore è il tentativo d'approssimazione dell'argomento „communio”, che nel mistero della Chiesa appartiene alla serie delle realtà principali sulle quali si fonda l'esistenza della Chiesa e anche la sua missione tracciata da Cristo. La realtà della comunione della quale il prototipo è il mistero della comunione del Dio Trino ed Uno, costituisce la fonte della comunione della Chiesa, che Cristo a iniziato costituendo la prima comunità dei Dodici che successivamente costituisce il germe e la base dell'autorità collegiale dei pastori della Chiesa e inoltre la base per lo sviluppo della comunità del popolo di Dio. La stessa Chiesa, popolo di Dio, costruita sul fondamento degli Apostoli, sorge e si nutre della parola di Dio e dei sacramenti nei quali è presente il Cristo stesso grazie alla potenza dello Spirito Santo che vive ed opera nella Chiesa. Si tratta quindi di questo, affinché sia pastori della Chiesa, ai quali affidata la facoltà di proclamare la parola di Dio e l'amministrazione dei sacramenti, che i fedeli siano consapevoli che il rafforzamento della comunione dipende in gran misura dal loro rapporto con il Dono offerto a loro da Dio. Si tratta principalmente di questo, affinché tutti i fedeli: pastori e la parte rimanente dei fedeli, intraprendino lo sforzo a beneficio di approfondire e consolidare la comunione come condizione della diffusione vantaggiosa del Regno di Dio su lla terra.
Eklezjologiczny charakter Vaticanum II
Kubiś, Adam (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2002)
Der hier vorliegende Ansatz umfasst eine Auswahl der unmittelbar das Vaticanum II vorangehenden ekklesiologischen Problematik. Ferner sind die führenden Ideen der konziliaren Lehre und auch einige differenzierten Ansichte darüber und ihre Interpretation dargestellt.
Paralelizm syntaktyczny we współczesnych homiliach obrzędowych
Łojek, Maria (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2002)
The paper discusses these parallel structures which appear in complex sentences of the three types of ritual homilies. The material under analysis includes 68 contemporary homilies (24 baptismal, 21 wedding, 23 funeral), appearing in G. Siwek's book Homilie obrzędowe (Ritual Homilies). Syntactic analysis of complex sentences was carried out according to traditional syntax conception. It showed that the basic stylistic device employed here is parallelism (it is simultaneously a factor which brings in order and introduces an element of regularity in the construction of multiple complex sentences.) The domination of parallel structures, which are the result of the so called language automatization, is clearly perceived. Not only independent parts of a sentence are parallel, but also whole syntax groups. Ritual homilies are characterised by a tendency to enlarge the capacity of the component sentence through nominal structures, which results from using parallelisms facilitating the constructing of a sentence by a preacher.
Die philosophischen und theologischen Grundlagen des Konziliarismus in Polen
Markowski, Mieczysław (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2002)
O koncyliaryzmie w Polsce pisano wiele. Prace autorów polskich na ten temat są dobrze znane. Mniej znane są artykuły i książki autorów obcych, zwłaszcza amerykańskiego profesora P. W. Knolla i niemieckiego docenta T. Wünscha. Ale i w tych opracowaniach nie zajęto się obszerniej sprawą filozoficznych i teologicznych podstaw koncyliaryzmu w Polsce. W tym artykule akcent postawiono bardziej na podstawy filozoficzne niż teologiczne. Charakterystyczną cechą Europy klasycznego średniowiecza był uniwersalizm, w którym prawie wszyscy ludzie wyznawali chrześcijański pogląd na świat, uznawali papiestwo i ponadpaństwowe cesarstwo, przyjmowali łacińską kulturę i dosyć jednolity system szkolny. W XIV wieku na miejsce uniwersalizmu zaczął coraz bardziej wdzierać się indywidualizm, którego idee wnet ujawniły się w życiu umysłowym, społecznym, państwowym a nawet i kościelnym. W filozofii pojawił się nominalizm, konceptualizm i terminizm. W teologii zaś doszedł do głosu oparty w wielkiej mierze na podstawach platońskich względnie neoplatońskich augustynizm nominalizujący w ujęciu okhamizmu i gregoiyzmu. Gdy w 1378 roku wybuchła wielka schyzma zachodnia, to właśnie paryscy przedstawiciele tych prądów doktrynalnych opracowali pierwszą koherentną teorię koncyliaryzmu, którą chcieli uleczyć różnorakie bolączki owych czasów. Gdy Uniwersytet Paryski poddał się obediencji awiniońskiej, to opuściło go wielu wybitnych filozofów i teologów. Uczelnia schizmatycka nie mogła bowiem dalej być wzorem dla zachodniego chrześcijaństwa. Nie mógł tej roli spełniać Uniwersytet Praski, na którym pojawiły się reformatorskie dążenia o charakterze moralizatorskim i na który zaczęły wdzierać się idee wyklifizmu. Wobec tego rzymski papież Bonifacy IX, dając w 1397 roku zgodę na założenie wydziału teologii w Krakowie, zaproponował jednocześnie kanclerską strukturę uniwersytetu. W ten sposób miało nastąpić przeniesienie nauczania teologii z Zachodu na wschodnie rubieże Europy, do wielkiego królestwa Polski Jagiellonów, która w tych trudnych i przełomowych czasach pozostawała wierna Rzymowi. Na uniwersytecie fundacji Jagiellońskiej po kilkunastu latach pojawiła się tak w filozofii jak i w teologii wspólna droga (via communis), która opierała się na umiarkowanym burydanizmie i której cechą chrakterystyczną był metodologiczny krytycyzm, teoriopoznawczy terminizm, subiektywizm, reizm, naturalizm i praktycyzm. Na tych podstawach wybitni krakowscy filozofowie, teolodzy i prawnicy, z których na uwagę zasługuje Benedykt Hesse, Wawrzyniec z Raciborza, Jakub z Paradyża, Jan Elgot i Tomasz ze Strzempina, opracowali własną teorię koncyliaryzmu, w której uwzględniono nie tylko prawo pozytywne i boskie, lecz także prawo naturalne.
Aktywność uczniów na lekcjach religii
Mastalski, Janusz (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Papieskiej Akademii Teologicznej w Krakowie, 2002)
L'insegnamento efficace esige dall'insegnante un alto professionismo. I fattori che intensificano il processo d'insegnamento insieme a quello d'apprendimento sono: la scienza dell'insegnante stesso, il suo modo pedagogico di comportarsi, la capacità di risolvere problemi e di riflettere, infine il continuo arricchimento delle sue tecniche didattiche. L'autore di quest' articolo nella sua ricerca scientifica ha dimostrato un alto livello dell'influsso dell'attività di allievo sulla qualità della scienza da lui assimilata. Secondo la diagnosi effettuata nelle scuole di Cracovia la stimolazione di allievi all'attività versatile migliora efficacia del processo d'insegnamento insieme a quello d'apprendimento; più mezzi d'attivizzazione usa l'insegnante, più aumenta l'attività di allievi. Una delle sue conseguenze è troppa vivacità del gruppo, il che esige dall'insegnante più intensa attenzione alla disciplina in classe. L'insegnante dovrebbe inoltre eliminare cosiddetta «attività apparente» cioè la concentrazione di allievi su azioni secondarie (agire per agire). È indispensabile che l'insegnante, applicando diversi metodi di attivizzazione. osservi attentamente l'attività del gruppo cioè valuti efficacia dell'interazione: l'attivizzazione – l'attività. Sembra, dunque, ben giustificata la conclusione che la funzione proncipale dell'insegnante non consiste solo nel trasmettere agli allievi informazioni pronte, ma soprattutto nell'organizzare lezioni in modo che ognuno di loro scopra da solo vari segreti della scienza.

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